You, we and they, and the dual
The pronouns that stand on their own as the subject of a sentence, and how Arabic speaks of two.
Imeandikwa na kukaguliwa na AI
Masomo haya yameandikwa na kukaguliwa na AI, na bado hakuna mwalimu wa Kiarabu aliyeyasoma. Aya, maana zake na uchambuzi wa kila neno vimechukuliwa kutoka vyanzo vyake, ambavyo vinatajwa pale vinapoonyeshwa.
Somo hili limeandikwa kwa Kiingereza na Kibengali tu, kwa hiyo linaonyeshwa hapa kwa Kiingereza.
- Maneno ya Qur’ani yanayojulikana kikamilifu
- 45.5%
- Sehemu za maneno ya Qur’ani zilizofundishwa hadi sasa
- 67%
Yamehesabiwa kutoka Quranic Arabic Corpus: neno linajulikana kikamilifu kila sehemu yake ikishafundishwa. Hesabu hizi zinaonyesha maneno uliyokutana nayo, si kiasi unachoelewa.
Lesson 5 taught huwa, "he", and hum, "they", standing on their own. This lesson teaches the others the Qur’ān uses most: "you", one man and more than two, and "we". It also teaches the dual: Arabic has a number of its own for two.
The new words
- أَنتَKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: أَنتَ
you (one man)
Mara katika Qur’ani: 81
- أَنتُمْKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: أَنتُمْ
you (more than two)
Mara katika Qur’ani: 102
- نَحْنُKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: نَحْنُ
we
Mara katika Qur’ani: 76
- هُمKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: هُم
they
Mara katika Qur’ani: 148
- هُمَاKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: هُمَا · هُمَآ · هِمَا
they two, the two of them
Mara katika Qur’ani: 101
- كُمَاKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: كُمَا · انِ · ا
you two
Mara katika Qur’ani: 98
- اKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: ا · هُمَا · انِ
they two, the two of them (men, or things called masculine)
Mara katika Qur’ani: 115
A sentence with no verb
A pronoun standing on its own is most often the subject of its sentence. Where what is said of it is a noun or a phrase, the sentence has no verb: "you are …", "we are …". Arabic needs no word for "is" in such a sentence.
- أَنتَyou (one man)
Anta is "you", one man, standing on its own.
- أَنتُمْyou (more than two)
Antum is "you", more than two.
The table counts hum apart from lesson 5's hum: in some places the muṣḥaf writes it without the mark of a silent letter (the sukūn) on its m, and the corpus counts each spelling as a unit of its own. They are the same pronoun, and this hum comes after li, as in lesson 12, more often than it stands on its own: lahum, "for them".
Two
For two people or things, Arabic uses the dual. A pronoun of the dual ends in -ā: humā, "the two of them", kumā, "you two".
- بَيْنَbetween
- هُمَاthey two, the two of them
Baynahumā is bayna, "between", from lesson 8, and humā, "the two of them".
A verb whose doer is two ends in -ā as well in the past, and in -āni in the present; the corpus divides these endings off as pronouns of the dual. A noun in the dual ends in -āni, or -ayni in the genitive and accusative.
In a sentence
We are here.
This sentence was written for practice. Naḥnu hunā: "we", then "here", and no verb between them.
Reading
Maneno unayoyajua kikamilifu baada ya somo hili yamewekewa alama.
Wale tuliowapa Kitabu kabla yake wanakiamini hiki.
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Kisha waambiwe: Haya ndiyo mliyokuwa mkiyakadhibisha.
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Hakika haya ndiyo mliyokuwa mkiyatilia shaka.
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Recall
- Does a sentence like "we are here" need a verb in Arabic?
- What is "you" for more than two?
- How does a pronoun of the dual end?
Answers: no; antum; in -ā, as humā.
Next
The next lesson teaches "those", "after", "at", "with", "some", "other than", "until" and "below", and the noun after them.
Uchambuzi wa maneno: Quranic Arabic Corpus 0.4 (Kais Dukes)