The first verbs: said, was, made, came and knew
Five of the commonest verbs of the Qur’ān, and how a verb in its past form tells you who did the action.
Imeandikwa na kukaguliwa na AI
Masomo haya yameandikwa na kukaguliwa na AI, na bado hakuna mwalimu wa Kiarabu aliyeyasoma. Aya, maana zake na uchambuzi wa kila neno vimechukuliwa kutoka vyanzo vyake, ambavyo vinatajwa pale vinapoonyeshwa.
Somo hili limeandikwa kwa Kiingereza na Kibengali tu, kwa hiyo linaonyeshwa hapa kwa Kiingereza.
- Maneno ya Qur’ani yanayojulikana kikamilifu
- 34.1%
- Sehemu za maneno ya Qur’ani zilizofundishwa hadi sasa
- 59.1%
Yamehesabiwa kutoka Quranic Arabic Corpus: neno linajulikana kikamilifu kila sehemu yake ikishafundishwa. Hesabu hizi zinaonyesha maneno uliyokutana nayo, si kiasi unachoelewa.
The first five lessons taught the small words that hold a sentence together. This one teaches five verbs, among the commonest words of the Qur’ān: "said", "was", "made", "came" and "knew".
The new words
- قَالَKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: قَالَ · قَالُ · قُلْ
say (qāla: he said)
Mzizi: ق و لMara katika Qur’ani: 1618
- كَانَKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: كَانَ · كَانُ · كُن
be (kāna: he was)
Mzizi: ك و نMara katika Qur’ani: 1358
- جَعَلَKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: جَعَلْ · جَعَلَ · يَجْعَلُ
make, place, set (jaʿala: he made)
Mzizi: ج ع لMara katika Qur’ani: 340
- جَآءَKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: جَآءَ · جَآءَتْ · جِئْ
come (jāʾa: he came)
Mzizi: ج ي اMara katika Qur’ani: 278
- عَلِمَKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: يَعْلَمُ · تَعْلَمُ · ٱعْلَمُ
know (ʿalima: he knew)
Mzizi: ع ل مMara katika Qur’ani: 382
A verb is named by its simplest form: the past, with "he" as the one who did it. So qāla is "he said", and stands in the table for every form of the verb, "says" and "say!" among them. Each lemma's root is three letters, and the next stage of the course is about what a root does.
The past form
A verb in the past form tells you who did the action by its ending. With no ending, the doer is "he".
- قَالُsay (qāla: he said)
- وا۟they (as the doer of a verb); them, their
Qālū is qāla with ū, the pronoun "they" from the second lesson, as the doer: "they said". The corpus marks the verb as perfect, its name for the past form.
- وَand
- جَعَلْmake, place, set (jaʿala: he made)
- نَاwe (as the doer of a verb); us, our
Wa-jaʿalnā is wa, "and", then jaʿal, "made", then nā, "we": "and we made". The pronoun that is the doer of a past verb is written as part of it.
She
- فَso, then, and so
- كَانَتْbe (kāna: he was)
Fa-kānat is fa, "so", and kānat, "she was" or "it was". The -at ending says that the doer is feminine: "she", for a woman or for a thing the language calls feminine. The corpus does not divide it off as a pronoun, as it does ū and nā: it keeps it as part of the verb, and marks the verb third person, feminine, singular.
A verb with an object
- جَآءَcome (jāʾa: he came)
- هُhim, his; it, its
Jāʾahu is jāʾa, "came", and hu, "him": "came to him". Here the pronoun is not the doer but the one the action reaches.
In a sentence
The boy came.
This sentence was written for practice. Jāʾa l-waladu, "the boy came": in Arabic the verb usually comes first, and the doer after it.
The house was big.
Kāna, "was", has its own way: the word after its subject takes the accusative ending, kabīran.
Reading
Maneno unayoyajua kikamilifu baada ya somo hili yamewekewa alama.
Na walikuwapo waliokuwa wakisema.
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Hakika hawa wanasema:
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Sema: Ni ya nani ardhi na vilivyo ndani yake, kama nyinyi mnajua?
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Recall
- What is the doer of qālū?
- How is "we made" written?
- What does the ending -at on kānat say?
Answers: "they", the pronoun ū; jaʿalnā; that the doer is feminine: "she", or a thing the language calls feminine.
Next
The next lesson teaches the present form of the verb, and the letter that makes it future.
Uchambuzi wa maneno: Quranic Arabic Corpus 0.4 (Kais Dukes)