The present form of the verb, and the future
How a verb in its present form begins with a letter that tells you who acts, and how one letter in front of it makes it future.
Imeandikwa na kukaguliwa na AI
Masomo haya yameandikwa na kukaguliwa na AI, na bado hakuna mwalimu wa Kiarabu aliyeyasoma. Aya, maana zake na uchambuzi wa kila neno vimechukuliwa kutoka vyanzo vyake, ambavyo vinatajwa pale vinapoonyeshwa.
Somo hili limeandikwa kwa Kiingereza na Kibengali tu, kwa hiyo linaonyeshwa hapa kwa Kiingereza.
- Maneno ya Qur’ani yanayojulikana kikamilifu
- 35.4%
- Sehemu za maneno ya Qur’ani zilizofundishwa hadi sasa
- 60.1%
Yamehesabiwa kutoka Quranic Arabic Corpus: neno linajulikana kikamilifu kila sehemu yake ikishafundishwa. Hesabu hizi zinaonyesha maneno uliyokutana nayo, si kiasi unachoelewa.
The past form of a verb tells you who acted by its ending. The present form tells you mostly by its beginning: a letter in front of the root. This lesson teaches that, four more common verbs, and the letter sa-, which turns the present into the future.
The new words
- عَمِلَKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: تَعْمَلُ · عَمِلُ · يَعْمَلُ
do, work (ʿamila: he did)
Mzizi: ع م لMara katika Qur’ani: 276
- رَءَاKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: يَرَ · تَرَ · رَءَيْ
see (raʾā: he saw)
Mzizi: ر ا يMara katika Qur’ani: 271
- أَتَىKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: يَأْتِي · يَأْتِ · أَتَىٰ
come, come to, bring (atā: he came)
Mzizi: ا ت يMara katika Qur’ani: 264
- آتَىKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: ءَاتَيْ · أُوتُ · ءَاتَىٰ
give (ātā: he gave)
Mzizi: ا ت يMara katika Qur’ani: 271
- سَ
will (before a present verb, it speaks of what is to come)
Mara katika Qur’ani: 119
The letter in front
In the present form, the first letter says who does the action:
- ya- is "he", and with -ūna at the end, "they";
- ta- is "you", and also "she";
- a- is "I";
- na- is "we".
- يَرَىٰsee (raʾā: he saw)
Yarā is "he sees": ya- in front of the verb raʾā, "saw", whose hamzah (the middle letter of the root r-ʾ-y) drops out in this form. The corpus marks the verb as imperfect, its name for the present form, and third person, masculine, singular.
- فَso, then, and so
- تَأْتُcome, come to, bring (atā: he came)
- ونَyou, your (more than two)
Fa-taʾtūna is fa, "so", then taʾtu, "come", with ta- in front for "you", then ūna, the plural "you" of the second lesson. The corpus marks the verb second person, masculine, plural, and divides ūna off as the doer.
The future
Sa-, joined to the front of a present verb, says the action is still to come.
- سَwill (before a present verb, it speaks of what is to come)
- يَعْلَمُknow (ʿalima: he knew)
- ونَthey (as the doer of a verb); them, their
Sa-yaʿlamūna is sa, "will", then yaʿlamu, "know", the present of ʿalima from the last lesson, then ūna, "they": "they will know". You know every part of this word.
Giving
- يُؤْتِىgive (ātā: he gave)
Yuʾtī is the present of ātā, "gave". Its first vowel is u, not a: the corpus marks ātā as form IV, a pattern of the verb that the next stage of the course teaches.
In a sentence
I see the sky.
This sentence was written for practice. Arā, "I see": a-, "I", in front of the verb.
Reading
Maneno unayoyajua kikamilifu baada ya somo hili yamewekewa alama.
Kuhusu yale waliyokuwa wakiyatenda.
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Akasema: Ninayajuaje waliyokuwa wakiyafanya?
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Watasema: Kwa hakika nyinyi mlikuwa mkitujia upande wa kulia.
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Recall
- Which letter in front of a present verb means "we"?
- What does sa- do?
- In yarā, who sees?
Answers: na-; it makes the verb future; "he".
Next
The next lesson teaches "every", "thing", "between", "before", "then", "or", "when" and "that", and how two nouns are joined so that one belongs to the other.
Uchambuzi wa maneno: Quranic Arabic Corpus 0.4 (Kais Dukes)