The first verbs: said, was, made, came and knew
Five of the commonest verbs of the Qur’ān, and how a verb in its past form tells you who did the action.
एआई ने लिखा और जाँचा है
ये सबक़ एआई ने लिखे और एआई ने ही जाँचे हैं, और अभी तक अरबी के किसी उस्ताद ने इन्हें नहीं पढ़ा है। आयतें, उनके मतलब और हर लफ़्ज़ का विश्लेषण अपने-अपने स्रोतों से लिए गए हैं, जिनके नाम वहीं दिए गए हैं जहाँ वे दिखाए जाते हैं।
यह सबक़ सिर्फ़ अंग्रेज़ी और बांग्ला में लिखा गया है, इसलिए यहाँ अंग्रेज़ी में दिखाया गया है।
- क़ुरआन के वे अल्फ़ाज़ जो पूरे मालूम हैं
- 34.1%
- अब तक सिखाए गए क़ुरआन के अल्फ़ाज़ के हिस्से
- 59.1%
Quranic Arabic Corpus से गिना गया: कोई लफ़्ज़ तब पूरा मालूम माना जाता है जब उसका हर हिस्सा सिखाया जा चुका हो। ये गिनतियाँ बताती हैं कि आप किन अल्फ़ाज़ से मिल चुके हैं, यह नहीं कि आप कितना समझते हैं।
The first five lessons taught the small words that hold a sentence together. This one teaches five verbs, among the commonest words of the Qur’ān: "said", "was", "made", "came" and "knew".
The new words
- قَالَजैसे क़ुरआन इसे लिखता है: قَالَ · قَالُ · قُلْ
say (qāla: he said)
मूल: ق و لक़ुरआन में कितनी बार: 1618
- كَانَजैसे क़ुरआन इसे लिखता है: كَانَ · كَانُ · كُن
be (kāna: he was)
मूल: ك و نक़ुरआन में कितनी बार: 1358
- جَعَلَजैसे क़ुरआन इसे लिखता है: جَعَلْ · جَعَلَ · يَجْعَلُ
make, place, set (jaʿala: he made)
मूल: ج ع لक़ुरआन में कितनी बार: 340
- جَآءَजैसे क़ुरआन इसे लिखता है: جَآءَ · جَآءَتْ · جِئْ
come (jāʾa: he came)
मूल: ج ي اक़ुरआन में कितनी बार: 278
- عَلِمَजैसे क़ुरआन इसे लिखता है: يَعْلَمُ · تَعْلَمُ · ٱعْلَمُ
know (ʿalima: he knew)
मूल: ع ل مक़ुरआन में कितनी बार: 382
A verb is named by its simplest form: the past, with "he" as the one who did it. So qāla is "he said", and stands in the table for every form of the verb, "says" and "say!" among them. Each lemma's root is three letters, and the next stage of the course is about what a root does.
The past form
A verb in the past form tells you who did the action by its ending. With no ending, the doer is "he".
- قَالُsay (qāla: he said)
- وا۟they (as the doer of a verb); them, their
Qālū is qāla with ū, the pronoun "they" from the second lesson, as the doer: "they said". The corpus marks the verb as perfect, its name for the past form.
- وَand
- جَعَلْmake, place, set (jaʿala: he made)
- نَاwe (as the doer of a verb); us, our
Wa-jaʿalnā is wa, "and", then jaʿal, "made", then nā, "we": "and we made". The pronoun that is the doer of a past verb is written as part of it.
She
- فَso, then, and so
- كَانَتْbe (kāna: he was)
Fa-kānat is fa, "so", and kānat, "she was" or "it was". The -at ending says that the doer is feminine: "she", for a woman or for a thing the language calls feminine. The corpus does not divide it off as a pronoun, as it does ū and nā: it keeps it as part of the verb, and marks the verb third person, feminine, singular.
A verb with an object
- جَآءَcome (jāʾa: he came)
- هُhim, his; it, its
Jāʾahu is jāʾa, "came", and hu, "him": "came to him". Here the pronoun is not the doer but the one the action reaches.
In a sentence
The boy came.
This sentence was written for practice. Jāʾa l-waladu, "the boy came": in Arabic the verb usually comes first, and the doer after it.
The house was big.
Kāna, "was", has its own way: the word after its subject takes the accusative ending, kabīran.
Reading
इस सबक़ के बाद जो अल्फ़ाज़ आप पूरे जानते हैं, उन पर निशान लगा है।
तथा निःसंदेह वे (मुश्रिक) तो कहा करते थे
Hindi Translation - Azizul Haq Al-Omari · QuranEnc.com · version 1.1.5निःसंदेह ये[5] लोग निश्चय कहते हैं।
Hindi Translation - Azizul Haq Al-Omari · QuranEnc.com · version 1.1.5(ऐ नबी!) उनसे कह दें : यह धरती और इसमें जो कोई भी है किसका है, यदि तुम जानते हो?
Hindi Translation - Azizul Haq Al-Omari · QuranEnc.com · version 1.1.5Recall
- What is the doer of qālū?
- How is "we made" written?
- What does the ending -at on kānat say?
Answers: "they", the pronoun ū; jaʿalnā; that the doer is feminine: "she", or a thing the language calls feminine.
Next
The next lesson teaches the present form of the verb, and the letter that makes it future.
अल्फ़ाज़ का विश्लेषण: Quranic Arabic Corpus 0.4 (Kais Dukes)