She, I, which: the small words still to come
Eight small words the Qur’ān uses often, and how some of them work with a verb, a noun or what comes after them.
AI ne ya rubuta kuma ya duba
AI ne ya rubuta waɗannan darussa kuma ya duba su, kuma har yanzu babu wani malamin Larabci da ya karanta su. Ayoyin, da ma’anoninsu da nazarin kowace kalma an ɗauko su daga tushensu, waɗanda aka ambata a inda aka nuna su.
An rubuta wannan darasi da Turanci da Bengali kawai, don haka ana nuna shi a nan da Turanci.
- Kalmomin Alƙur’ani da aka sani gaba ɗaya
- 63.4%
- Sassan kalmomin Alƙur’ani da aka koyar zuwa yanzu
- 77.9%
An ƙidaya daga Quranic Arabic Corpus: an san kalma gaba ɗaya idan an koyar da kowane sashe nata. Ƙididdigar tana faɗin kalmomin da kuka haɗu da su, ba yawan abin da kuka fahimta ba.
Most of the small words were taught in the first lessons. These are eight of the commonest still to come. None of them is hard, and each has a job of its own in the sentence.
The new words
- أَيُّهَاYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: أَيُّهَا · أَيُّهَ · أَيُّهَآ
said after "O" before a noun with al-
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 153
- هِىَYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: هِىَ
she; it
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 63
- أَنَا۠Yadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: أَنَا۠
I
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 61
- أَىّYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: أَىِّ · أَيُّ · أَىُّ
which
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 60
- أَمَّاYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: أَمَّا · أَمَّآ
as for
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 55
- أَلَآYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: أَلَآ · أَلَا
opens a sentence, calling attention
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 39
- سَوْفYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: سَوْفَ
will (of the future)
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 42
- لَٰكِنّYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: لَٰكِنَّ
but
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 57
She and I
Lesson 5 taught huwa and lesson 13 anta. Hiya is "she", or "it" for a thing the language calls feminine. Anā is "I". Each stands on its own.
- هِىَshe; it
Hiya. The corpus marks it third person, feminine, singular.
- أَنَا۠I
Anā. The corpus marks it first person, singular. The Qur’ān's spelling writes an alif at its end; how that alif is sounded is taught in the library's Tajwīd title.
She is in the house.
This sentence was written for practice. Hiya fī l-bayti: "she", then where she is, and no word for "is".
Ayyuhā
Lesson 10 taught yā, "O". Before a noun with al-, Arabic as a rule puts ayyuhā between them, or ayyatuhā if the noun is feminine; it has no meaning of its own to translate.
- يَٰٓO (calling someone)
- أَيُّهَاsaid after "O" before a noun with al-
In the Qur’ān's spelling yā-ayyuhā is written as one word, with yā and ayyuhā. The noun after it is in the nominative.
Which
Ayy is "which". In the two words here it asks, and it is the first part of an iḍāfah: the word after it, or the pronoun joined to it, is the second.
- لِfor, to, belonging to; so that (before a verb); surely (in some sentences)
- أَىِّwhich
Li-ayyi is li and ayyi, in the genitive after it. The next word, yawmin, is in the genitive too, as the second noun of the iḍāfah.
- بِwith, by, in
- أَييِّwhich
- كُمُyou, your (more than two)
Bi-ayyikumu is bi, then ayyi, in the genitive after it, then kumu, "you", joined to it as the second part: "which of you".
As for
Ammā is "as for": it sets something out on its own, and what is said of it follows with fa.
To, amma wanda ma'aunansa suka yi nauyi.
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2The verse opens with fa, then ammā. The sentence ammā begins finishes in the verse after it, which opens with fa-.
Sawfa
Sawfa, like sa- from lesson 7, puts a present verb in the future. It is a word of its own, not joined to the next.
- سَوْفَwill (of the future)
Sawfa: the corpus calls it a particle of the future. The word after it is the present of ʿalima, taʿlamūna: "you will know".
Alā
Alā opens a sentence and calls attention to it. The corpus marks it as a particle of beginning.
- أَلَآopens a sentence, calling attention
Alā: it stands at the head of what follows.
Lākinna
Lesson 16 taught lākin, "but", with a single n. Lākinna, with the doubled n, works like inna: the noun after it takes the accusative, and a pronoun is joined to it.
- وَand
- لَٰكِنَّbut
- كُمْyou, your (more than two)
Wa-lākinnakum is wa, then lākinna, then kum, "you", joined to it as to inna.
In a sentence
I am here.
This sentence was written for practice. Anā hunā: "I", then "here", and no verb between them, as lesson 13 did with naḥnu.
Reading
An sa alama a kan kalmomin da kuka sani gaba ɗaya bayan wannan darasi.
Sai suka kãfirta da shi. Sabõda haka zã su sani.
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2Daga wane abu, (Allah) Ya halitta shi?
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2Shin, ba Mu sanya masa idãnu biyu ba?
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2Recall
- What goes between yā and a noun with al-?
- What is joined to the front of what is said after ammā?
- How does lākinna change the noun after it?
Answers: ayyuhā; fa; it puts it in the accusative.
Next
The next lesson teaches how to say "better than", and eight common nouns.
Nazarin kalmomi: Quranic Arabic Corpus 0.4 (Kais Dukes)