Form VIII: a t after the first letter
Form VIII of the verb, its present and its command, with eight common verbs, three of them given no meaning by the course.
Imeandikwa na kukaguliwa na AI
Masomo haya yameandikwa na kukaguliwa na AI, na bado hakuna mwalimu wa Kiarabu aliyeyasoma. Aya, maana zake na uchambuzi wa kila neno vimechukuliwa kutoka vyanzo vyake, ambavyo vinatajwa pale vinapoonyeshwa.
Somo hili limeandikwa kwa Kiingereza na Kibengali tu, kwa hiyo linaonyeshwa hapa kwa Kiingereza.
- Maneno ya Qur’ani yanayojulikana kikamilifu
- 67.7%
- Sehemu za maneno ya Qur’ani zilizofundishwa hadi sasa
- 80.4%
Yamehesabiwa kutoka Quranic Arabic Corpus: neno linajulikana kikamilifu kila sehemu yake ikishafundishwa. Hesabu hizi zinaonyesha maneno uliyokutana nayo, si kiasi unachoelewa.
Form VIII puts i- in front of the root and t after its first letter. Lesson 18 met it on ittakhadha, and said that ittabaʿa of lesson 11 is of this form. It is the fourth of the forms by how often the Qur’ān uses them. This lesson teaches how it looks in the past, the present and the command.
The new words
- ٱفْتَرَىٰKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: ٱفْتَرَىٰ · يَفْتَرُ · تَفْتَرُ
Hakuna maana inayotolewa hapa: neno hili linabeba dini, na maana yake husomwa katika aya, pamoja na maana iliyo kando yake.
Mzizi: ف ر يMara katika Qur’ani: 50
- ٱخْتَلَفَKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: ٱخْتَلَفُ · يَخْتَلِفُ · تَخْتَلِفُ
differed
Mzizi: خ ل فMara katika Qur’ani: 35
- ٱبْتَغَىٰKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: تَبْتَغُ · يَبْتَغُ · ٱبْتَغُ
sought
Mzizi: ب غ يMara katika Qur’ani: 34
- ٱشْتَرَىٰKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: ٱشْتَرَ · يَشْتَرُ · تَشْتَرُ
bought
Mzizi: ش ر يMara katika Qur’ani: 21
- ٱسْتَمَعَKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: يَسْتَمِعُ · ٱسْتَمِعُ · ٱسْتَمِعْ
listened
Mzizi: س م عMara katika Qur’ani: 16
- ٱنتَهَىٰKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: ٱنتَهَ · يَنتَهُ · تَنتَهِ
stopped, ceased
Mzizi: ن ه يMara katika Qur’ani: 16
- ٱسْتَوَىٰٓKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: يَسْتَوِى · ٱسْتَوَىٰ · ٱسْتَوَىٰٓ
Hakuna maana inayotolewa hapa: neno hili linabeba dini, na maana yake husomwa katika aya, pamoja na maana iliyo kando yake.
Mzizi: س و يMara katika Qur’ani: 35
- ٱهْتَدَىٰKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: يَهْتَدُ · تَهْتَدُ · ٱهْتَدَىٰ
Hakuna maana inayotolewa hapa: neno hili linabeba dini, na maana yake husomwa katika aya, pamoja na maana iliyo kando yake.
Mzizi: ه د يMara katika Qur’ani: 40
Three of them, iftarā, istawā and ihtadā, carry the religion in the Qur’ān's use of them: the course gives no meaning of its own for any of them, and you read them in the verses, with the edition's meaning beside them.
The past
Istamaʿa, "listened", is from the root s-m-ʿ, of samiʿa in lesson 11. It has i- in front, then s, then t, then the other two letters.
- ٱسْتَمَعَlistened
Istamaʿa: the corpus marks it form VIII. The t is not a letter of the root. The corpus gives the root s-m-ʿ.
- فَso, then, and so
- ٱخْتَلَفَdiffered
Fa-khtalafa is fa and ikhtalafa, "differed", from the root kh-l-f. After fa, as after any word read straight on into it, the i- in front is not sounded.
- ٱشْتَرَىٰbought
- هُhim, his; it, its
Ishtarāhu is ishtarā, "bought", and hu, "him". The root sh-r-y ends in a weak letter, so the past, with "he" as the doer, ends in a long ā, as lesson 26 taught.
- ٱفْتَرَىٰ
Iftarā is i-, then f, then t, then the rest of the root f-r-y.
- فَso, then, and so
- ٱسْتَوَىٰ
Fa-stawā is fa and istawā. The root s-w-y ends in a weak letter. Its middle letter is weak too, and stays w here.
- ٱهْتَدَىٰ
Ihtadā is i-, then h, then t, then the rest of the root h-d-y, of hadā in lesson 26. The two verbs are of one root and two forms.
The present
In the present, the letter in front takes a, as in the first form, and the t is kept. The i- in front goes. The root's last letter but one takes i; a root with a weak middle letter, or with its last two letters the same, may differ.
- يَسْتَمِعُlistened
Yastamiʿu is ya-, then s, then t, then miʿu.
- تَخْتَلِفُdiffered
- ونَyou, your (more than two)
Takhtalifūna is ta-, then kh, then t, then lif, then ūna, "you".
- يَبْتَغُsought
- ونَthey (as the doer of a verb); them, their
Yabtaghūna is ya-, then b, then t, then gh, then ūna, "they". The root b-gh-y ends in a weak letter, and before ūna neither that letter nor the i is seen.
- يَنتَهِstopped, ceased
Yantahi, after lam: from the root n-h-y. The corpus marks it jussive, and the long ī of yantahī is made short, as lesson 26 taught.
The command
The command keeps the i-, and here, said to one man, it has no vowel at its end.
- وَand
- ٱسْتَمِعْlistened
Wa-stamiʿ is wa and istamiʿ. After wa the i- is not sounded.
Where the t changes
All eight verbs of this lesson keep the t as it is, as most roots do. A few first letters change it. After ṣād, ḍād or ṭā’ it becomes ṭā’. After dāl, dhāl or zāy it becomes dāl. A root that begins with tā’ or wāw has a doubled t, as ittabaʿa has.
- وَand
- ٱصْطَبِرْ
Wa-ṣṭabir is wa and iṣṭabir, from the root ṣ-b-r, of ṣabara in lesson 26. The corpus marks it form VIII. Its t is a ṭā’.
- وَand
- ٱزْدَادُ
- وا۟they (as the doer of a verb); them, their
Wa-zdādū is wa and izdādū, from the root z-y-d, with ū, "they", at its end. The corpus marks it form VIII. Its t is a dāl.
In a sentence
The boy bought a book.
This sentence was written for practice. Ishtarā, of form VIII, then the doer, then kitāban, in the accusative.
Reading
Maneno unayoyajua kikamilifu baada ya somo hili yamewekewa alama.
Je, umemwona anayekadhibisha Malipo?
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Siabudu mnachokiabudu;
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Na Firauni aliwapoteza watu wake wala hakuwaongoa.
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Recall
- Where does form VIII put its t?
- Which vowel has the letter in front of its present?
- Does i- stay in the present?
Answers: after the first letter of the root; a; no.
Next
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Uchambuzi wa maneno: Quranic Arabic Corpus 0.4 (Kais Dukes)