She, I, which: the small words still to come
Eight small words the Qur’ān uses often, and how some of them work with a verb, a noun or what comes after them.
Imeandikwa na kukaguliwa na AI
Masomo haya yameandikwa na kukaguliwa na AI, na bado hakuna mwalimu wa Kiarabu aliyeyasoma. Aya, maana zake na uchambuzi wa kila neno vimechukuliwa kutoka vyanzo vyake, ambavyo vinatajwa pale vinapoonyeshwa.
Somo hili limeandikwa kwa Kiingereza na Kibengali tu, kwa hiyo linaonyeshwa hapa kwa Kiingereza.
- Maneno ya Qur’ani yanayojulikana kikamilifu
- 63.4%
- Sehemu za maneno ya Qur’ani zilizofundishwa hadi sasa
- 77.9%
Yamehesabiwa kutoka Quranic Arabic Corpus: neno linajulikana kikamilifu kila sehemu yake ikishafundishwa. Hesabu hizi zinaonyesha maneno uliyokutana nayo, si kiasi unachoelewa.
Most of the small words were taught in the first lessons. These are eight of the commonest still to come. None of them is hard, and each has a job of its own in the sentence.
The new words
- أَيُّهَاKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: أَيُّهَا · أَيُّهَ · أَيُّهَآ
said after "O" before a noun with al-
Mara katika Qur’ani: 153
- هِىَKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: هِىَ
she; it
Mara katika Qur’ani: 63
- أَنَا۠Kama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: أَنَا۠
I
Mara katika Qur’ani: 61
- أَىّKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: أَىِّ · أَيُّ · أَىُّ
which
Mara katika Qur’ani: 60
- أَمَّاKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: أَمَّا · أَمَّآ
as for
Mara katika Qur’ani: 55
- أَلَآKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: أَلَآ · أَلَا
opens a sentence, calling attention
Mara katika Qur’ani: 39
- سَوْفKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: سَوْفَ
will (of the future)
Mara katika Qur’ani: 42
- لَٰكِنّKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: لَٰكِنَّ
but
Mara katika Qur’ani: 57
She and I
Lesson 5 taught huwa and lesson 13 anta. Hiya is "she", or "it" for a thing the language calls feminine. Anā is "I". Each stands on its own.
- هِىَshe; it
Hiya. The corpus marks it third person, feminine, singular.
- أَنَا۠I
Anā. The corpus marks it first person, singular. The Qur’ān's spelling writes an alif at its end; how that alif is sounded is taught in the library's Tajwīd title.
She is in the house.
This sentence was written for practice. Hiya fī l-bayti: "she", then where she is, and no word for "is".
Ayyuhā
Lesson 10 taught yā, "O". Before a noun with al-, Arabic as a rule puts ayyuhā between them, or ayyatuhā if the noun is feminine; it has no meaning of its own to translate.
- يَٰٓO (calling someone)
- أَيُّهَاsaid after "O" before a noun with al-
In the Qur’ān's spelling yā-ayyuhā is written as one word, with yā and ayyuhā. The noun after it is in the nominative.
Which
Ayy is "which". In the two words here it asks, and it is the first part of an iḍāfah: the word after it, or the pronoun joined to it, is the second.
- لِfor, to, belonging to; so that (before a verb); surely (in some sentences)
- أَىِّwhich
Li-ayyi is li and ayyi, in the genitive after it. The next word, yawmin, is in the genitive too, as the second noun of the iḍāfah.
- بِwith, by, in
- أَييِّwhich
- كُمُyou, your (more than two)
Bi-ayyikumu is bi, then ayyi, in the genitive after it, then kumu, "you", joined to it as the second part: "which of you".
As for
Ammā is "as for": it sets something out on its own, and what is said of it follows with fa.
Basi yule ambaye mizani yake itakuwa nzito.
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5The verse opens with fa, then ammā. The sentence ammā begins finishes in the verse after it, which opens with fa-.
Sawfa
Sawfa, like sa- from lesson 7, puts a present verb in the future. It is a word of its own, not joined to the next.
- سَوْفَwill (of the future)
Sawfa: the corpus calls it a particle of the future. The word after it is the present of ʿalima, taʿlamūna: "you will know".
Alā
Alā opens a sentence and calls attention to it. The corpus marks it as a particle of beginning.
- أَلَآopens a sentence, calling attention
Alā: it stands at the head of what follows.
Lākinna
Lesson 16 taught lākin, "but", with a single n. Lākinna, with the doubled n, works like inna: the noun after it takes the accusative, and a pronoun is joined to it.
- وَand
- لَٰكِنَّbut
- كُمْyou, your (more than two)
Wa-lākinnakum is wa, then lākinna, then kum, "you", joined to it as to inna.
In a sentence
I am here.
This sentence was written for practice. Anā hunā: "I", then "here", and no verb between them, as lesson 13 did with naḥnu.
Reading
Maneno unayoyajua kikamilifu baada ya somo hili yamewekewa alama.
Lakini waliukufuru. Basi watakuja jua.
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Kwa kitu gani amemuumba?
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Kwani hatukumpa macho mawili?
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Recall
- What goes between yā and a noun with al-?
- What is joined to the front of what is said after ammā?
- How does lākinna change the noun after it?
Answers: ayyuhā; fa; it puts it in the accusative.
Next
The next lesson teaches how to say "better than", and eight common nouns.
Uchambuzi wa maneno: Quranic Arabic Corpus 0.4 (Kais Dukes)