From, in, on, to and about
The five commonest prepositions that the Qur’ān writes as words of their own, what happens to the word after them, and how they take a pronoun.
Imeandikwa na kukaguliwa na AI
Masomo haya yameandikwa na kukaguliwa na AI, na bado hakuna mwalimu wa Kiarabu aliyeyasoma. Aya, maana zake na uchambuzi wa kila neno vimechukuliwa kutoka vyanzo vyake, ambavyo vinatajwa pale vinapoonyeshwa.
Somo hili limeandikwa kwa Kiingereza na Kibengali tu, kwa hiyo linaonyeshwa hapa kwa Kiingereza.
- Maneno ya Qur’ani yanayojulikana kikamilifu
- 12.9%
- Sehemu za maneno ya Qur’ani zilizofundishwa hadi sasa
- 45.5%
Yamehesabiwa kutoka Quranic Arabic Corpus: neno linajulikana kikamilifu kila sehemu yake ikishafundishwa. Hesabu hizi zinaonyesha maneno uliyokutana nayo, si kiasi unachoelewa.
A preposition (ḥarf al-jarr) says where something is, where it goes, or what it is about. Two of the first lesson's words, bi and li, can be prepositions written as part of the next word. Arabic also has a few that stand on their own as words, and this lesson teaches the five of those the Qur’ān uses most: min, fī, ʿalā, ilā and ʿan.
The new words
- مِنKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: مِن · مِنْ · مِنَ
from, of, some of
Mara katika Qur’ani: 3226
- فِىKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: فِى · فِي · فِىٓ
in, about
Mara katika Qur’ani: 1701
- عَلَىٰKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: عَلَيْ · عَلَىٰ · عَلَى
on, upon, over, against
Mara katika Qur’ani: 1445
- إِلَىٰKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: إِلَيْ · إِلَىٰ · إِلَى
to, towards, until
Mara katika Qur’ani: 742
- عَنKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: عَنْ · عَن · عَنِ
from, away from, about
Mara katika Qur’ani: 465
The word after a preposition
A preposition is followed by a noun, and that noun takes the ending of the genitive case. In the Qur’ān's spelling this is most often a short i at the end of the word: after min, al-baytu, "the house", becomes al-bayti.
The boy went out of the house.
This sentence was written for practice. Before al-, min takes a short vowel to join it, and is said mina: mina l-bayti, "from the house".
The book is on the desk.
ʿAlā l-maktabi, "on the desk": al-maktabu ends in i after ʿalā.
With a pronoun
A preposition can take one of the last lesson's pronouns, written as one word with it.
- فِيin, about
- هِhim, his; it, its
- عَلَيْon, upon, over, against
- هِمْthey (as the doer of a verb); them, their
ʿAlā and ilā change their last sound before a pronoun: ʿalā with hum, "them", is ʿalayhim, and ilā with ka, "you", is ilayka. The table shows both ways the Qur’ān writes them.
In a verse
Hiki ni Kitabu kisichokuwa na shaka yoyote ndani yake; ni uongofu kwa wacha Mungu.
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5You know one word of this verse whole: fīhi, "in it". In its last word you know the first two parts, li and al-, written lil-; the word they join comes later in the course.
Reading
Maneno unayoyajua kikamilifu baada ya somo hili yamewekewa alama.
Na juu yao na juu ya marikebu mnabebwa.
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Na tukamwachia (sifa njema) kwa waliokuja baadaye.
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Na juu yake mtakunywa maji yanayochemka.
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Recall
- What ending does a noun take after a preposition?
- How is min said before al-?
- What is ʿalā with the pronoun "them"?
Answers: the genitive, most often a short i; mina; ʿalayhim.
Next
The next lesson teaches the words for "no" and "not", "indeed", "except" and "that".
Uchambuzi wa maneno: Quranic Arabic Corpus 0.4 (Kais Dukes)