No, not, indeed, except and that
The small words that deny, that give a sentence weight, and that join one sentence to another: eight of the commonest words of the Qur’ān.
AI ne ya rubuta kuma ya duba
AI ne ya rubuta waɗannan darussa kuma ya duba su, kuma har yanzu babu wani malamin Larabci da ya karanta su. Ayoyin, da ma’anoninsu da nazarin kowace kalma an ɗauko su daga tushensu, waɗanda aka ambata a inda aka nuna su.
An rubuta wannan darasi da Turanci da Bengali kawai, don haka ana nuna shi a nan da Turanci.
- Kalmomin Alƙur’ani da aka sani gaba ɗaya
- 23.5%
- Sassan kalmomin Alƙur’ani da aka koyar zuwa yanzu
- 52.3%
An ƙidaya daga Quranic Arabic Corpus: an san kalma gaba ɗaya idan an koyar da kowane sashe nata. Ƙididdigar tana faɗin kalmomin da kuka haɗu da su, ba yawan abin da kuka fahimta ba.
This lesson teaches eight short words that change what a sentence says. Some deny it ("no", "not", "did not"), two give it weight ("indeed", "surely"), one leaves something out ("except"), and some join one sentence to another ("if", "that").
The new words
- لَاYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: لَا · لَّا · لَآ
no, not; do not
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 1738
- مَاYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: مَا · مَآ · مَّا
what, that which; not
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 2565
- إِنّYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: إِنَّ · إِنِّ · ءِنَّ
indeed, truly (it opens a sentence and gives it weight)
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 1682
- إِنYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: إِن · إِنْ · ئِن
if; not (in some sentences)
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 697
- إِلَّاYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: إِلَّا · إِلَّآ
except, but, only
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 663
- أَنYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: أَن · أَنْ · أَ
that; to (before a verb)
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 625
- قَدYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: قَدْ · قَدِ · قَد
surely, already (before a verb)
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 406
- لَمYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: لَمْ · لَّمْ · لَمَّا
did not (before a present verb, it denies the past)
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 353
Saying no
Lā is "no" and "not". Before a noun it can deny that there is any of a thing at all.
Wãncan ne Littãfi, bãbu shakka a cikinsa, shiriya ne ga mãsu taƙawa.[1]
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2In this verse lā stands before a noun with no article, and the noun ends in a: that is how Arabic says that there is none of something.
Mā is more than one word in one spelling. Most often it means "that which" or "what", and often it means "not". The corpus gives them all the same lemma, and marks which it is in each verse.
Did not
Lam stands before a verb in its present form, and the sentence then denies the past: not "does not", but "did not".
- لَمْdid not (before a present verb, it denies the past)
"Bai haifa ba, kuma ba a haife Shi ba."
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2This verse has lam twice, the second time joined to wa, "and", from the first lesson.
Indeed
Inna opens a sentence and gives it weight. The noun or pronoun after it takes the ending of the accusative case, and a pronoun is written as one word with it.
- إِنَّindeed, truly (it opens a sentence and gives it weight)
- آwe (as the doer of a verb); us, our
Innā is inna and nā, "we", from the second lesson. The corpus writes the pronoun's part as a long ā alone: the word has only the doubled n of inna.
In, with no doubled n, is another word: "if", and in some sentences "not". Illā is "except" or "only", and an is "that", or "to" before a verb. Qad stands before a verb and makes it certain: the corpus calls it a particle of certainty. In the Qur’ān it stands almost always before a verb in its past form, where it says the thing has surely happened: "has surely", "has already".
In a sentence
I do not know.
This sentence was written for practice. Lā stands before a verb in its present form and denies it: "I do not know".
Reading
An sa alama a kan kalmomin da kuka sani gaba ɗaya bayan wannan darasi.
To, me zai cũce ka idan bai tsarkaka ba?
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2Lalle kai, haƙĩƙa kanã cikin Manzanni.
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2To, lalle, ku da abin da kuke bautãwa,
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2Recall
- How does lam change the sense of a present verb?
- What ending does the noun after inna take?
- What are the two senses of mā this lesson names?
Answers: it denies the past, "did not"; the accusative; "what, that which" and "not".
Next
The next lesson teaches the words for "who", "which", "this", "that", "he" and "they", and how a question is asked.
Nazarin kalmomi: Quranic Arabic Corpus 0.4 (Kais Dukes)