From, in, on, to and about
The five commonest prepositions that the Qur’ān writes as words of their own, what happens to the word after them, and how they take a pronoun.
AI ne ya rubuta kuma ya duba
AI ne ya rubuta waɗannan darussa kuma ya duba su, kuma har yanzu babu wani malamin Larabci da ya karanta su. Ayoyin, da ma’anoninsu da nazarin kowace kalma an ɗauko su daga tushensu, waɗanda aka ambata a inda aka nuna su.
An rubuta wannan darasi da Turanci da Bengali kawai, don haka ana nuna shi a nan da Turanci.
- Kalmomin Alƙur’ani da aka sani gaba ɗaya
- 12.9%
- Sassan kalmomin Alƙur’ani da aka koyar zuwa yanzu
- 45.5%
An ƙidaya daga Quranic Arabic Corpus: an san kalma gaba ɗaya idan an koyar da kowane sashe nata. Ƙididdigar tana faɗin kalmomin da kuka haɗu da su, ba yawan abin da kuka fahimta ba.
A preposition (ḥarf al-jarr) says where something is, where it goes, or what it is about. Two of the first lesson's words, bi and li, can be prepositions written as part of the next word. Arabic also has a few that stand on their own as words, and this lesson teaches the five of those the Qur’ān uses most: min, fī, ʿalā, ilā and ʿan.
The new words
- مِنYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: مِن · مِنْ · مِنَ
from, of, some of
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 3226
- فِىYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: فِى · فِي · فِىٓ
in, about
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 1701
- عَلَىٰYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: عَلَيْ · عَلَىٰ · عَلَى
on, upon, over, against
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 1445
- إِلَىٰYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: إِلَيْ · إِلَىٰ · إِلَى
to, towards, until
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 742
- عَنYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: عَنْ · عَن · عَنِ
from, away from, about
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 465
The word after a preposition
A preposition is followed by a noun, and that noun takes the ending of the genitive case. In the Qur’ān's spelling this is most often a short i at the end of the word: after min, al-baytu, "the house", becomes al-bayti.
The boy went out of the house.
This sentence was written for practice. Before al-, min takes a short vowel to join it, and is said mina: mina l-bayti, "from the house".
The book is on the desk.
ʿAlā l-maktabi, "on the desk": al-maktabu ends in i after ʿalā.
With a pronoun
A preposition can take one of the last lesson's pronouns, written as one word with it.
- فِيin, about
- هِhim, his; it, its
- عَلَيْon, upon, over, against
- هِمْthey (as the doer of a verb); them, their
ʿAlā and ilā change their last sound before a pronoun: ʿalā with hum, "them", is ʿalayhim, and ilā with ka, "you", is ilayka. The table shows both ways the Qur’ān writes them.
In a verse
Wãncan ne Littãfi, bãbu shakka a cikinsa, shiriya ne ga mãsu taƙawa.[1]
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2You know one word of this verse whole: fīhi, "in it". In its last word you know the first two parts, li and al-, written lil-; the word they join comes later in the course.
Reading
An sa alama a kan kalmomin da kuka sani gaba ɗaya bayan wannan darasi.
Kuma a kansu da a kan jirgin ruwa ake ɗaukar ku.
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2Kuma Muka bar masa (yabo) a cikin jama'ar ƙarshe.
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2"Sa'an nan kuma mãsu shã ne, a kan wannan abin cin, daga ruwan zãfi."
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2Recall
- What ending does a noun take after a preposition?
- How is min said before al-?
- What is ʿalā with the pronoun "them"?
Answers: the genitive, most often a short i; mina; ʿalayhim.
Next
The next lesson teaches the words for "no" and "not", "indeed", "except" and "that".
Nazarin kalmomi: Quranic Arabic Corpus 0.4 (Kais Dukes)