The first verbs: said, was, made, came and knew
Five of the commonest verbs of the Qur’ān, and how a verb in its past form tells you who did the action.
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- Perkataan al-Quran yang diketahui sepenuhnya
- 34.1%
- Bahagian perkataan al-Quran yang sudah diajarkan
- 59.1%
Dikira daripada Quranic Arabic Corpus: sesuatu perkataan diketahui sepenuhnya apabila setiap bahagiannya sudah diajarkan. Bilangan ini menunjukkan perkataan yang telah anda temui, bukan sejauh mana anda memahaminya.
The first five lessons taught the small words that hold a sentence together. This one teaches five verbs, among the commonest words of the Qur’ān: "said", "was", "made", "came" and "knew".
The new words
- قَالَSeperti yang ditulis al-Quran: قَالَ · قَالُ · قُلْ
say (qāla: he said)
Kata akar: ق و لKekerapan dalam al-Quran: 1618
- كَانَSeperti yang ditulis al-Quran: كَانَ · كَانُ · كُن
be (kāna: he was)
Kata akar: ك و نKekerapan dalam al-Quran: 1358
- جَعَلَSeperti yang ditulis al-Quran: جَعَلْ · جَعَلَ · يَجْعَلُ
make, place, set (jaʿala: he made)
Kata akar: ج ع لKekerapan dalam al-Quran: 340
- جَآءَSeperti yang ditulis al-Quran: جَآءَ · جَآءَتْ · جِئْ
come (jāʾa: he came)
Kata akar: ج ي اKekerapan dalam al-Quran: 278
- عَلِمَSeperti yang ditulis al-Quran: يَعْلَمُ · تَعْلَمُ · ٱعْلَمُ
know (ʿalima: he knew)
Kata akar: ع ل مKekerapan dalam al-Quran: 382
A verb is named by its simplest form: the past, with "he" as the one who did it. So qāla is "he said", and stands in the table for every form of the verb, "says" and "say!" among them. Each lemma's root is three letters, and the next stage of the course is about what a root does.
The past form
A verb in the past form tells you who did the action by its ending. With no ending, the doer is "he".
- قَالُsay (qāla: he said)
- وا۟they (as the doer of a verb); them, their
Qālū is qāla with ū, the pronoun "they" from the second lesson, as the doer: "they said". The corpus marks the verb as perfect, its name for the past form.
- وَand
- جَعَلْmake, place, set (jaʿala: he made)
- نَاwe (as the doer of a verb); us, our
Wa-jaʿalnā is wa, "and", then jaʿal, "made", then nā, "we": "and we made". The pronoun that is the doer of a past verb is written as part of it.
She
- فَso, then, and so
- كَانَتْbe (kāna: he was)
Fa-kānat is fa, "so", and kānat, "she was" or "it was". The -at ending says that the doer is feminine: "she", for a woman or for a thing the language calls feminine. The corpus does not divide it off as a pronoun, as it does ū and nā: it keeps it as part of the verb, and marks the verb third person, feminine, singular.
A verb with an object
- جَآءَcome (jāʾa: he came)
- هُhim, his; it, its
Jāʾahu is jāʾa, "came", and hu, "him": "came to him". Here the pronoun is not the doer but the one the action reaches.
In a sentence
The boy came.
This sentence was written for practice. Jāʾa l-waladu, "the boy came": in Arabic the verb usually comes first, and the doer after it.
The house was big.
Kāna, "was", has its own way: the word after its subject takes the accusative ending, kabīran.
Reading
Perkataan yang anda ketahui sepenuhnya selepas pelajaran ini ditandakan.
Dan sebenarnya mereka (yang musyrik) itu dahulu pernah berkata:
Malay Translation - Abdullah Basumayyah · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.0(Berbalik kepada kisah kaum musyrik penduduk Makkah, Allah berfirman): “Sesungguhnya mereka ini akan berkata (kepadamu - wahai Muhammad dan kepada pengikut-pengikutmu):
Malay Translation - Abdullah Basumayyah · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.0Tanyakanlah (wahai Muhammad): “Kepunyaan siapakah bumi ini dan segala yang ada padanya, kalau kamu mengetahui?”
Malay Translation - Abdullah Basumayyah · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.0Recall
- What is the doer of qālū?
- How is "we made" written?
- What does the ending -at on kānat say?
Answers: "they", the pronoun ū; jaʿalnā; that the doer is feminine: "she", or a thing the language calls feminine.
Next
The next lesson teaches the present form of the verb, and the letter that makes it future.
Analisis perkataan: Quranic Arabic Corpus 0.4 (Kais Dukes)