The order of a sentence, and eight words read in the verses

This is the last lesson of stage 1. It teaches one more thing about a sentence with a verb, and, as lesson 20 did, eight of the commonest words that carry the religion. The course gives no meaning of its own for them: you read them in the verses, with the edition's meaning beside them. What can be taught without a meaning is their letters, their roots, and how they stand in a sentence.

The new words

None of these words has a meaning in the table, for the same reason as in lesson 20.

A verb first stays singular

Arabic most often puts the verb first, then the doer, as lesson 6 showed. When the doer named after it is plural, the verb stays singular.

Yaṣduru: the corpus marks it third person, masculine, singular.

An-nāsu, the next word, is its doer: the corpus marks it masculine plural, nominative. So one verb in the singular has a plural doer.

This sentence was written for practice. Kharaja l-awlādu: "went out", then "the boys". Kharaja has no ending for the plural.

Al-awlādu kharajū: when boys or men are named first, the verb after them carries its own doer, ū, "they", as lesson 6 taught. The two sentences say much the same; the second names first who is being spoken of.

Words of the root ʿ-b-d

ʿAbd and ʿabada share the root ʿ-b-d.

ʿAbdan: indefinite and accusative, with tanwīn.

ʿIbādī is ʿibād and ī, "my": the corpus gives ʿibād the lemma ʿabd and marks it masculine plural. It is a broken plural.

Aʿbudu is the present of ʿabada: a-, "I", in front of the root, and the corpus marks it imperfect, first person, singular.

Words of the root r-ḥ-m

Raḥīm and raḥmah share the root r-ḥ-m. Raḥīm is on the pattern of qalīl in lesson 21, and raḥmah ends in -ah.

Raḥīmun: indefinite and nominative.

Ar-raḥmatu is al- and raḥmah, nominative. The l of al- is written, and the r after it carries the shaddah.

Three more

Ilāhi is the genitive of ilāh, and the first noun of an iḍāfah: the corpus marks it masculine singular.

Aṣ-ṣalāta is al- and ṣalāh, in the accusative. The Qur’ān writes it with the small alif on a wāw, one of the muṣḥaf's own spellings, from lesson 13 of stage 0.

Dīnukum is dīnu and kum, "your".

A feminine form

Wa-la-l-ākhiratu is wa, "and", then la-, the lām of emphasis, then al-, then ākhirah. The corpus gives it the lemma ākhir, and marks it feminine singular, nominative: it is the feminine of that word, with -ah.

Reading

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Recall

• What number does a verb take when it comes first and its doer is plural?
• What does the verb add when boys or men are named before it?
• Which root do ʿabd and ʿabada share?

Answers: the singular; ū, "they"; ʿ-b-d.

What the numbers say

The course page shows how many parts of the Qur’ān's words have now been taught, and how many of its words you know whole. A word counts as known whole when every part of it has been taught, even a word like the eight of this lesson, whose meaning the course does not give. The count is made from the corpus, and nothing more: it does not say that you understand that share of the Qur’ān. Keep the meaning beside each verse.

Next

The next stage begins with the root and the patterns that are built on it.