The root: three letters and what is built on them
What a root is, how a family of words is built on it, and eight words from five roots, one of them given no meaning by the course.
एआई ने लिखा और जाँचा है
ये सबक़ एआई ने लिखे और एआई ने ही जाँचे हैं, और अभी तक अरबी के किसी उस्ताद ने इन्हें नहीं पढ़ा है। आयतें, उनके मतलब और हर लफ़्ज़ का विश्लेषण अपने-अपने स्रोतों से लिए गए हैं, जिनके नाम वहीं दिए गए हैं जहाँ वे दिखाए जाते हैं।
यह सबक़ सिर्फ़ अंग्रेज़ी और बांग्ला में लिखा गया है, इसलिए यहाँ अंग्रेज़ी में दिखाया गया है।
- क़ुरआन के वे अल्फ़ाज़ जो पूरे मालूम हैं
- 66.2%
- अब तक सिखाए गए क़ुरआन के अल्फ़ाज़ के हिस्से
- 79.5%
Quranic Arabic Corpus से गिना गया: कोई लफ़्ज़ तब पूरा मालूम माना जाता है जब उसका हर हिस्सा सिखाया जा चुका हो। ये गिनतियाँ बताती हैं कि आप किन अल्फ़ाज़ से मिल चुके हैं, यह नहीं कि आप कितना समझते हैं।
Most words of Arabic are built on a root: usually three letters, which stay in their order while vowels and other letters are put around them. Stage 1 named a word's root in passing. This stage is about the root and what is built on it. The corpus gives the root of most words, and this lesson teaches you to read it.
The new words
- خَرَجَजैसे क़ुरआन इसे लिखता है: يَخْرُجُ · ٱخْرُجْ · تَخْرُجُ
went out
मूल: خ ر جक़ुरआन में कितनी बार: 53
- مَّاتَजैसे क़ुरआन इसे लिखता है: مَاتُ · يَمُوتُ · مِتْ
died
मूल: م و تक़ुरआन में कितनी बार: 39
- مَوْتजैसे क़ुरआन इसे लिखता है: مَوْتِ · مَوْتُ · مَوْتَ
death
मूल: م و تक़ुरआन में कितनी बार: 50
- مَّيِّتजैसे क़ुरआन इसे लिखता है: مَوْتَىٰ · مَيِّتِ · مَيِّتَ
dead
मूल: م و تक़ुरआन में कितनी बार: 38
- حَيَوٰةजैसे क़ुरआन इसे लिखता है: حَيَوٰةِ · حَيَوٰةُ · حَيَوٰةَ
life
मूल: ح ي يक़ुरआन में कितनी बार: 76
- أَحْيَاजैसे क़ुरआन इसे लिखता है: يُحْىِۦ · أَحْيَا · يُحْيِي
यहाँ कोई मतलब नहीं दिया गया: यह लफ़्ज़ दीन का हामिल है, और इसका मतलब आयतों में पढ़ा जाता है, जिनके साथ उनका मतलब दिया गया है।
मूल: ح ي يक़ुरआन में कितनी बार: 51
- كَتَبَजैसे क़ुरआन इसे लिखता है: كُتِبَ · كَتَبَ · كَتَبْ
wrote
मूल: ك ت بक़ुरआन में कितनी बार: 49
- حَمَلَजैसे क़ुरआन इसे लिखता है: يَحْمِلُ · تَحْمِلُ · حَمَلْ
carried
मूल: ح م لक़ुरआन में कितनी बार: 41
One of them, aḥyā, carries the religion in the Qur’ān's use of it: the course gives no meaning of its own for it, and you read it in the verses, with the edition's meaning beside them.
A root and its pattern
The root k-t-b gives kataba, "wrote". The same letters with i after the first and a long ā after the second give kitāb, from lesson 10. The letters are the root, and what is put around them is the pattern.
- كَتَبَتْwrote
Katabat is kataba with -at, from lesson 6, for a feminine doer: the root k-t-b with a after each letter, then the ending. The corpus gives it the root k-t-b.
The boy wrote a book.
This sentence was written for practice. It has kataba with no ending, and kitāban, and both have the root k-t-b. Here kitāb is an everyday book; in the Qur’ān its meaning is read from the verse.
A family of words
Words of one root often have to do with each other, and one verb can stand behind several nouns. The root m-w-t is the root of three of this lesson's words.
- يَمُوتُdied
Yamūtu is the present of māta, "died": ya- and the root, with its middle letter as a long ū, as in yaqūlu in lesson 17.
- ٱلْthe
- مَوْتَdeath
Al-mawta is al- and mawt, "death", in the accusative. Here the middle letter of the root is said as w.
- وَand
- أَمْوَٰتًاdead
Wa-amwātan is wa and amwāt, a broken plural: the corpus gives it the lemma mayyit, "dead", and marks it masculine plural.
Forms of one root
A root can make more than one verb, as lesson 18 showed. Kharaja, "went out", is of the first form, and akhraja, "brought out", from lesson 18, is of form IV. Both have the root kh-r-j.
- يَخْرُجُwent out
Yakhruju is the present of kharaja.
The root ḥ-y-y is the root of aḥyā, of form IV, and of ḥayāh, "life".
- وَand
- أَحْيَا
Wa-aḥyā is wa and aḥyā: the corpus marks it form IV, with the root ḥ-y-y.
- لِfor, to, belonging to; so that (before a verb); surely (in some sentences)
- حَيَاتِlife
- ىme, my; I (as the doer of a verb)
Li-ḥayātī is li, then ḥayāh, then ī, "my". Before a pronoun the -ah of a feminine noun is said -at.
A root is a help and not a meaning
Knowing a root helps you to see that two words are of one family. It does not tell you what a word means: a word's meaning is what its use shows, and the table gives it where the course may. A word of the Qur’ān is read with the edition's meaning beside it.
- يَحْمِلُcarried
Yaḥmilu is the present of ḥamala, with the root ḥ-m-l. The root shows that the two are one verb; "carried" comes from the table.
Reading
इस सबक़ के बाद जो अल्फ़ाज़ आप पूरे जानते हैं, उन पर निशान लगा है।
तो क्या (यह सही नहीं है) कि हम कभी मरने वाले नहीं हैं?
Hindi Translation - Azizul Haq Al-Omari · QuranEnc.com · version 1.1.5(ऐ नबी!) निःसंदेह आप मरने वाले हैं तथा निःसंदेह वे भी मरने वाले हैंl[6]
Hindi Translation - Azizul Haq Al-Omari · QuranEnc.com · version 1.1.5और हम बदले के दिन को झुठलाया करते थे।
Hindi Translation - Azizul Haq Al-Omari · QuranEnc.com · version 1.1.5Recall
- How many letters has a root, as a rule?
- Which root have māta and mawt?
- What are the letters of the root around which kitāb is built?
Answers: three; m-w-t; k-t-b.
Next
The next lesson teaches the first form of the verb, and the vowels its past and its present take.
अल्फ़ाज़ का विश्लेषण: Quranic Arabic Corpus 0.4 (Kais Dukes)