The first verbs: said, was, made, came and knew
Five of the commonest verbs of the Qur’ān, and how a verb in its past form tells you who did the action.
AI ne ya rubuta kuma ya duba
AI ne ya rubuta waɗannan darussa kuma ya duba su, kuma har yanzu babu wani malamin Larabci da ya karanta su. Ayoyin, da ma’anoninsu da nazarin kowace kalma an ɗauko su daga tushensu, waɗanda aka ambata a inda aka nuna su.
An rubuta wannan darasi da Turanci da Bengali kawai, don haka ana nuna shi a nan da Turanci.
- Kalmomin Alƙur’ani da aka sani gaba ɗaya
- 34.1%
- Sassan kalmomin Alƙur’ani da aka koyar zuwa yanzu
- 59.1%
An ƙidaya daga Quranic Arabic Corpus: an san kalma gaba ɗaya idan an koyar da kowane sashe nata. Ƙididdigar tana faɗin kalmomin da kuka haɗu da su, ba yawan abin da kuka fahimta ba.
The first five lessons taught the small words that hold a sentence together. This one teaches five verbs, among the commonest words of the Qur’ān: "said", "was", "made", "came" and "knew".
The new words
- قَالَYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: قَالَ · قَالُ · قُلْ
say (qāla: he said)
Tushe: ق و لAdadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 1618
- كَانَYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: كَانَ · كَانُ · كُن
be (kāna: he was)
Tushe: ك و نAdadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 1358
- جَعَلَYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: جَعَلْ · جَعَلَ · يَجْعَلُ
make, place, set (jaʿala: he made)
Tushe: ج ع لAdadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 340
- جَآءَYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: جَآءَ · جَآءَتْ · جِئْ
come (jāʾa: he came)
Tushe: ج ي اAdadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 278
- عَلِمَYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: يَعْلَمُ · تَعْلَمُ · ٱعْلَمُ
know (ʿalima: he knew)
Tushe: ع ل مAdadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 382
A verb is named by its simplest form: the past, with "he" as the one who did it. So qāla is "he said", and stands in the table for every form of the verb, "says" and "say!" among them. Each lemma's root is three letters, and the next stage of the course is about what a root does.
The past form
A verb in the past form tells you who did the action by its ending. With no ending, the doer is "he".
- قَالُsay (qāla: he said)
- وا۟they (as the doer of a verb); them, their
Qālū is qāla with ū, the pronoun "they" from the second lesson, as the doer: "they said". The corpus marks the verb as perfect, its name for the past form.
- وَand
- جَعَلْmake, place, set (jaʿala: he made)
- نَاwe (as the doer of a verb); us, our
Wa-jaʿalnā is wa, "and", then jaʿal, "made", then nā, "we": "and we made". The pronoun that is the doer of a past verb is written as part of it.
She
- فَso, then, and so
- كَانَتْbe (kāna: he was)
Fa-kānat is fa, "so", and kānat, "she was" or "it was". The -at ending says that the doer is feminine: "she", for a woman or for a thing the language calls feminine. The corpus does not divide it off as a pronoun, as it does ū and nā: it keeps it as part of the verb, and marks the verb third person, feminine, singular.
A verb with an object
- جَآءَcome (jāʾa: he came)
- هُhim, his; it, its
Jāʾahu is jāʾa, "came", and hu, "him": "came to him". Here the pronoun is not the doer but the one the action reaches.
In a sentence
The boy came.
This sentence was written for practice. Jāʾa l-waladu, "the boy came": in Arabic the verb usually comes first, and the doer after it.
The house was big.
Kāna, "was", has its own way: the word after its subject takes the accusative ending, kabīran.
Reading
An sa alama a kan kalmomin da kuka sani gaba ɗaya bayan wannan darasi.
Kuma lalle sũ, sun kasance sunã cẽwa,
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2Lalle waɗannan mutãne[1], haƙĩka, sunã cẽwa,
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2Ka ce: "Wane ne da mulkin ƙasa da wanda ke a cikinta, idan kun kasance kunã sani?"
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2Recall
- What is the doer of qālū?
- How is "we made" written?
- What does the ending -at on kānat say?
Answers: "they", the pronoun ū; jaʿalnā; that the doer is feminine: "she", or a thing the language calls feminine.
Next
The next lesson teaches the present form of the verb, and the letter that makes it future.
Nazarin kalmomi: Quranic Arabic Corpus 0.4 (Kais Dukes)