The forms of a verb, the passive, and eight more verbs

A root can make more than one verb. Arabic builds them on a few patterns, which grammars written in English call forms and number I to X. The corpus marks each verb's form. This lesson teaches eight verbs, several of them in forms other than the first, and the passive.

The new words

One of them, kadhdhaba, carries the religion in the Qur’ān's use of it: the course gives no meaning of its own for it, and you read it in the verses, with the edition's meaning beside them.

Forms of a verb

Kadhdhaba doubles the middle letter of its root, k-dh-b. The corpus marks it as form II.

Akhraja, "brought out", puts a- in front of the root kh-r-j. The corpus marks it as form IV, the form of arāda from the last lesson.

Tawallā, "turned away", has ta- in front and a doubled middle letter. The corpus marks it as form V.

Ittakhadha, "took for himself", has i- in front and a t after the first letter of the root. Its root is ʾ-kh-dh, and here the first letter, the hamzah, has itself become t, so the t is doubled: it-takhadha. The corpus marks it as form VIII, the form of ittabaʿa, "followed", from lesson 11.

The next stage of the course is about these forms. For now, it is enough to see that the corpus names them, and that the root stays the same.

The passive

A verb in the passive says what was done, and not who did it. In the past form it has u and then i: qatala, "killed", becomes qutila, "was killed".

The corpus marks qutila passive. "Was killed" is what the form says, word for word; what the verse says is read in the edition's meaning, not from these words.

A command

Irjiʿī is the command of rajaʿa, "return", said to a woman: ī at the end, as in lesson 11.

In a sentence

This sentence was written for practice. Rajaʿa l-waladu ilā l-bayti: "the boy went back to the house", with ilā from lesson 3.

Reading

واژه‌هایی که پس از این درس به‌طور کامل می‌شناسید نشانه‌گذاری شده‌اند.

Recall

• Which form doubles the middle letter of the root?
• How does the passive past differ from the active?
• Which form is ittakhadha?

Answers: form II, and form V with ta- in front; it has u and then i, as qutila; form VIII.

Next

The next lesson teaches eight common nouns, and the dual and broken plural on them.