Al-Mumtahana

يَـٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ لَا تَتَّخِذُوا۟ عَدُوِّى وَعَدُوَّكُمْ أَوْلِيَآءَ تُلْقُونَ إِلَيْهِم بِٱلْمَوَدَّةِ وَقَدْ كَفَرُوا۟ بِمَا جَآءَكُم مِّنَ ٱلْحَقِّ يُخْرِجُونَ ٱلرَّسُولَ وَإِيَّاكُمْ ۙ أَن تُؤْمِنُوا۟ بِٱللَّهِ رَبِّكُمْ إِن كُنتُمْ خَرَجْتُمْ جِهَـٰدًا فِى سَبِيلِى وَٱبْتِغَآءَ مَرْضَاتِى ۚ تُسِرُّونَ إِلَيْهِم بِٱلْمَوَدَّةِ وَأَنَا۠ أَعْلَمُ بِمَآ أَخْفَيْتُمْ وَمَآ أَعْلَنتُمْ ۚ وَمَن يَفْعَلْهُ مِنكُمْ فَقَدْ ضَلَّ سَوَآءَ ٱلسَّبِيلِ 1

{ يأيها الذين ءامنوا لا تتخذوا عدوى وعدوكم } أي كفار مكة { أولياء تلقون } توصلون { إليهم } قصد النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم غزوهم الذي أسره إليكم وورى بحنين { بالمودة } بينكم وبينهم، كتب حاطب بن أبي بلتعة إليهم كتابا بذلك لما له عندهم من الأولاد والأهل المشركين فاسترده النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ممن أرسله معه بإعلام الله تعالى له بذلك وقبل عذر حاطب فيه { وقد كفروا بما جاءكم من الحق } أي دين الإسلام والقرآن { يخرجون الرسول وإياكم } من مكة بتضييقهم عليكم { أن تؤمنوا } أي لأجل أن آمنتم { بالله ربكم إن كنتم خرجتم جهدا } للجهاد { فى سبيلى وابتغاء مرضاتى } وجواب الشرط دل عليه ما قبله أي فلا تتخذوهم أولياء { تسرون إليهم بالمودة وأنا أعلم بما أخفيتم وما أعلنتم ومن يفعله منكم } أي إسرار خبر النبي إليهم { فقد ضل سواء السبيل } أخطأ طريق الهدى والسواء في الأصل الوسط.

O you who believe, do not take My enemy and your enemy, namely, the disbelievers of Mecca, for friends. You offer, you communicate to, them, the Prophet’s plan (s) to attack them, which he had confided to you, and had kept secret, at Hunayn, [communicating this to them out of], affection, between you and them. Hātib b. Abī Balta‘a sent them a letter to that effect, on account of his having children and close relatives, idolaters, among them. The Prophet (s) intercepted it from the person to whom he [Hātib] had given it to deliver, after God apprised him of this. Hātib’s excuse for this [conduct of his] was accepted [by the Prophet]; when verily they have disbelieved in the truth that has come to you, that is, [in] the religion of Islam and the Qur’ān, expelling the Messenger and you, from Mecca, by oppressing you, because you believe in God, your Lord. If you have gone forth to struggle in My way and to seek My pleasure … (the response to the conditional is indicated by what preceded, that is to say, [understand it as being] ‘then do not take them as friends’). You secretly harbour affection for them, when I know well what you hide and what you proclaim. And whoever among you does that, that is, to secretly communicate the Prophet’s news to them, has verily strayed from the right way, he has missed the path of guidance (originally, al-sawā’ means ‘the middle [way]’).

إِن يَثْقَفُوكُمْ يَكُونُوا۟ لَكُمْ أَعْدَآءً وَيَبْسُطُوٓا۟ إِلَيْكُمْ أَيْدِيَهُمْ وَأَلْسِنَتَهُم بِٱلسُّوٓءِ وَوَدُّوا۟ لَوْ تَكْفُرُونَ 2

{ إن يثقفوكم } يظفروا بكم { يكونوا لكم أعداء ويبسطوا إليكم أيديهم } بالقتل والضرب { وألسنتهم بالسوء } بالسب والشتم { وودوا } تمنوا { لو تكفرون }.

If they were to prevail over you, they would be your enemies, and would stretch out against you their hands, to kill and assault you, and their tongues with evil [intent], with insults and reviling; and they long for you to disbelieve.

لَن تَنفَعَكُمْ أَرْحَامُكُمْ وَلَآ أَوْلَـٰدُكُمْ ۚ يَوْمَ ٱلْقِيَـٰمَةِ يَفْصِلُ بَيْنَكُمْ ۚ وَٱللَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ 3

{ لن تنفعكم أرحمكم } قراباتكم { ولا أولدكم } المشركون الذين لأجلهم أسررتم الخبر من العذاب في الآخرة { يوم القيمة يفصل } بالبناء للمفعول والفاعل { بينكم } وبينهم فتكونون في الجنة وهم في جملة الكفار في النار { والله بما تعملون بصير }.

Your relatives and your children, the idolatrous [ones], for whose sake you secretly communicated the news, will not avail you, against the chastisement in the Hereafter. On the Day of Resurrection you will be separated (passive yufsalu; or read active yafsilu, ‘He will separate you’) from them, so that you will be in Paradise, while they will be alongside the disbelievers in the Fire. And God is Seer of what you do.

قَدْ كَانَتْ لَكُمْ أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ فِىٓ إِبْرَٰهِيمَ وَٱلَّذِينَ مَعَهُۥٓ إِذْ قَالُوا۟ لِقَوْمِهِمْ إِنَّا بُرَءَٰٓؤُا۟ مِنكُمْ وَمِمَّا تَعْبُدُونَ مِن دُونِ ٱللَّهِ كَفَرْنَا بِكُمْ وَبَدَا بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَكُمُ ٱلْعَدَٰوَةُ وَٱلْبَغْضَآءُ أَبَدًا حَتَّىٰ تُؤْمِنُوا۟ بِٱللَّهِ وَحْدَهُۥٓ إِلَّا قَوْلَ إِبْرَٰهِيمَ لِأَبِيهِ لَأَسْتَغْفِرَنَّ لَكَ وَمَآ أَمْلِكُ لَكَ مِنَ ٱللَّهِ مِن شَىْءٍ ۖ رَّبَّنَا عَلَيْكَ تَوَكَّلْنَا وَإِلَيْكَ أَنَبْنَا وَإِلَيْكَ ٱلْمَصِيرُ 4

{ قد كانت لكم أسوة } بكسر الهمزة وضمها في الموضعين، قدوة { حسنة فى إبرهيم } أي به قولا وفعلا { والذين معه } من المؤمنين { إذ قالوا لقومهم إنا برءآؤا } جمع بريء كظريف { منكم ومما تعبدون من دون الله كفرنا بكم } أنكرناكم { وبدا بيننا وبينكم العداوة والبغضاء أبدا } بتحقيق الهمزتين وإبدال الثانية واوا { حتى تؤمنوا بالله وحده إلا قول إبرهيم لأبيه لأستغفرن لك } مستثنى من «أسوة» أي فليس لكم التأسي به في ذلك بأن تستغفروا للكفار وقوله { وما أملك لك من الله } أي من عذابه وثوابه { من شىء } كنى به عن أنه لا يملك له غير الاستغفار فهو مبني عليه مستثنى من حيث المراد منه وإن كان من حيث ظاهره مما يتأسى فيه { قل فمن يملك لكم من الله شيئا } واستغفاره له قبل أن يتبين

له أنه عدو لله

[114:9] كما ذكرنا في براءة { ربنا عليك توكلنا وإليك أنبنا وإليك المصير } من مقول الخليل ومن معه أي وقالوا.

Verily there is for you a good example (read iswa or uswa in both instances, meaning qudwa) in [the person of] Abraham, in terms of [his] sayings and deeds, and those who were with him, of believers, when they said to their people, ‘We are indeed innocent of you (bura’ā’ is the plural of barī’, similar [in form] to zarīf, ‘charming’) and of what you worship besides God. We repudiate you, we disavow you, and between us and you there has arisen enmity and hate forever (wa’l-baghdā’u abadan: pronounce both hamzas fully, or replace the second one with a wāw) until you [come to] believe in God alone’, except for Abraham’s saying to his father, ‘I shall ask forgiveness for you — [this statement is] excepted from ‘a [good] example’, so it is not [right] for you to follow his example in this [respect] by asking forgiveness for disbelievers. As for his saying: but I cannot avail you anything against God’ — that is, either against His chastisement or [to secure for you of] His reward — he [Abraham] is using it to intimate [to his father] that he can do nothing for him other than to ask forgiveness [for him], which [saying] is itself based on that [former statement] albeit excepted [from it] in terms of what is meant by it, even if on the face of it, it would seem to be [semantically] part of the [good] example to be followed: Say, ‘Who can avail you anything against God’ [Q. 48:11]; his [Abraham’s] plea of forgiveness for him was before it became evident to him that he [his father] was an enemy of God, as mentioned in sūrat Barā’a [Q. 9:114]. ‘Our Lord, in You we put our trust, and to You we turn [penitently], and to You is the journeying: these are the words of the Friend [of God, Abraham] and those who were with him, in other words, they were saying:

رَبَّنَا لَا تَجْعَلْنَا فِتْنَةً لِّلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ وَٱغْفِرْ لَنَا رَبَّنَآ ۖ إِنَّكَ أَنتَ ٱلْعَزِيزُ ٱلْحَكِيمُ 5

{ ربنا لا تجعلنا فتنة للذين كفروا } أي لا تظهرهم علينا فيظنوا أنهم على الحق فيفتنوا، أي تذهب عقولهم بنا { واغفر لنا ربنا إنك أنت العزيز الحكيم } في ملكك وصنعك.

Our Lord, do not make us a cause of beguilement for those who disbelieve, that is to say, do not make them prevail over us, lest they think that they are following the truth and are beguiled as a result, in other words, [lest] they lose their reason because of us; and forgive us. Our Lord, You are indeed the Mighty, the Wise’, in Your kingdom and Your actions.

لَقَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ فِيهِمْ أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ لِّمَن كَانَ يَرْجُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ وَٱلْيَوْمَ ٱلْـَٔاخِرَ ۚ وَمَن يَتَوَلَّ فَإِنَّ ٱللَّهَ هُوَ ٱلْغَنِىُّ ٱلْحَمِيدُ 6

{ لقد كان لكم } يا أمة محمد جواب قسم مقدر { فيهم أسوة حسنة لمن كان } بدل اشتمال من «كم» بإعادة الجار { يرجو الله واليوم الأخر } أي يخافهما أو يظن الثواب والعقاب { ومن يتول } بأن يوالي الكفار { فإن الله هو الغنى } عن خلقه { الحميد } لأهل طاعته.

Verily there is for you, O community of Muhammad (s) (laqad kāna lakum is the response to an implied oath) in them a good example, for those [of you] who (li-man kāna is an inclusive substitution for –kum [of lakum, ‘for you’] with the same preposition [li-] repeated) anticipate God and the Last Day, that is, [for those] who fear these two, or who expect reward or punishment. And whoever turns away, by befriending the disbelievers, [should know that] God is the Independent, [without need] of His creatures, the Worthy of Praise, to those who obey Him.

عَسَى ٱللَّهُ أَن يَجْعَلَ بَيْنَكُمْ وَبَيْنَ ٱلَّذِينَ عَادَيْتُم مِّنْهُم مَّوَدَّةً ۚ وَٱللَّهُ قَدِيرٌ ۚ وَٱللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ 7

{ عسى الله أن يجعل بينكم وبين الذين عاديتم منهم } من كفار مكة طاعة لله تعالى { مودة } بأن يهديهم للإيمان فيصيروا لكم أولياء { والله قدير } على ذلك وقد فعله بعد فتح مكة { والله غفور } لهم ما سلف { رحيم } بهم.

It may be that God will bring about between you and those of them with whom you are at enmity, from among the disbelievers of Mecca out of [your] obedience to God, exalted be He, affection, by His guiding them to faith, so that they then become your friends. For God is Powerful, [able] to do that — and He did do this after the conquest of Mecca — and God is Forgiving, to them of their past [deeds], Merciful, to them [also].

لَّا يَنْهَىٰكُمُ ٱللَّهُ عَنِ ٱلَّذِينَ لَمْ يُقَـٰتِلُوكُمْ فِى ٱلدِّينِ وَلَمْ يُخْرِجُوكُم مِّن دِيَـٰرِكُمْ أَن تَبَرُّوهُمْ وَتُقْسِطُوٓا۟ إِلَيْهِمْ ۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ يُحِبُّ ٱلْمُقْسِطِينَ 8

{ لا ينهكم الله عن الذين لم يقتلوكم } من الكفار { فى الدين ولم يخرجوكم من ديركم أن تبروهم } بدل اشتمال من الذين { وتقسطوا } تفضوا { إليهم } بالقسط، أي بالعدل وهذا قبل الأمر بجهادهم [5:47] { إن الله يحب المقسطين } العادلين.

God does not forbid you in regard to those who did not wage war against you, from among the disbelievers, on account of religion and did not expel you from your homes, that you should treat them kindly (an tabarrūhum is an inclusive substitution for alladhīna, ‘those who’) and deal with them justly: this was [revealed] before the command to struggle against them. Assuredly God loves the just.

إِنَّمَا يَنْهَىٰكُمُ ٱللَّهُ عَنِ ٱلَّذِينَ قَـٰتَلُوكُمْ فِى ٱلدِّينِ وَأَخْرَجُوكُم مِّن دِيَـٰرِكُمْ وَظَـٰهَرُوا۟ عَلَىٰٓ إِخْرَاجِكُمْ أَن تَوَلَّوْهُمْ ۚ وَمَن يَتَوَلَّهُمْ فَأُو۟لَـٰٓئِكَ هُمُ ٱلظَّـٰلِمُونَ 9

{ إنما ينهكم الله عن الذين قتلوكم فى الدين وأخرجوكم من ديركم وظهروا } عاونوا { على إخرجكم أن تولوهم } بدل اشتمال من الذين أي تتخذوهم أولياء { ومن يتولهم فأولئك هم الظلمون }.

God only forbids you in regard to those who waged war against you on account of religion and expelled you from your homes and supported [others] in your expulsion, that you should make friends with them (an tawallawhum is an inclusive substitution for alladhīna, ‘those who’). And whoever makes friends with them, those — they are the wrongdoers.

يَـٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوٓا۟ إِذَا جَآءَكُمُ ٱلْمُؤْمِنَـٰتُ مُهَـٰجِرَٰتٍ فَٱمْتَحِنُوهُنَّ ۖ ٱللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ بِإِيمَـٰنِهِنَّ ۖ فَإِنْ عَلِمْتُمُوهُنَّ مُؤْمِنَـٰتٍ فَلَا تَرْجِعُوهُنَّ إِلَى ٱلْكُفَّارِ ۖ لَا هُنَّ حِلٌّ لَّهُمْ وَلَا هُمْ يَحِلُّونَ لَهُنَّ ۖ وَءَاتُوهُم مَّآ أَنفَقُوا۟ ۚ وَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ أَن تَنكِحُوهُنَّ إِذَآ ءَاتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ أُجُورَهُنَّ ۚ وَلَا تُمْسِكُوا۟ بِعِصَمِ ٱلْكَوَافِرِ وَسْـَٔلُوا۟ مَآ أَنفَقْتُمْ وَلْيَسْـَٔلُوا۟ مَآ أَنفَقُوا۟ ۚ ذَٰلِكُمْ حُكْمُ ٱللَّهِ ۖ يَحْكُمُ بَيْنَكُمْ ۚ وَٱللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ 10

{ يأيها الذين ءامنوا إذا جاءكم المؤمنت } بألسنهن { مهجرت } من الكفار بعد الصلح معهم في الحديبية على أن من جاء منهم إلى المؤمنين يرد { فامتحنوهن } بالحلف أنهن ما خرجن إلا رغبة في الإسلام لا بغضا لأزواجهن الكفار ولا عشقا لرجال من المسلمين كذا كان صلى الله عليه وسلم يحلفهن { الله أعلم بإيمنهن فإن علمتموهن } ظننتموهن بالحلف { مؤمنت فلا ترجعوهن } تردوهن { إلى الكفار لاهن حل لهم ولاهم يحلون لهن وءاتوهم } أي أعطوا الكفار أزواجهن { ما أنفقوا } عليهن من المهور { ولا جناح عليكم أن تنكحوهن } بشرطه { إذا ءاتيتموهن أجورهن } مهورهن { ولا تمسكوا } بالتشديد والتخفيف { بعصم الكوافر } زوجاتكم لقطع إسلامكم لها بشرطه أو اللاحقات بالمشركين مرتدات لقطع ارتدادهن نكاحكم بشرطه { وسئلوا } اطلبوا { ما أنفقتم } عليهن من المهور في صورة الارتداد ممن تزوجن من الكفار { وليسئلوا ما أنفقوا } على المهاجرات كما تقدم أنهم يؤتونه { ذلكم حكم الله يحكم بينكم } به { والله عليم حكيم }.

O you who believe, when believing women come to you, [saying] with their tongues [that they are], emigrating, from the [company of] disbelievers — [this was] following the truce concluded with them [the disbelievers] at al-Hudaybiyya to the effect that if any of their number should go to [join] the believers, that person should be sent back — test them, by making them swear that they had only gone forth [from Mecca] because of their [sincere] wish to embrace Islam, and not out of some hatred for their disbelieving husbands, nor because they might be enamoured by some Muslim man: that was how the Prophet (s) used to take from them their oaths. God knows best [the state of] their faith. Then, if you know them, if you suppose them, on the basis of their oaths, to be believers, do not send them back to the disbelievers. They [the women] are not lawful for them, nor are they [the disbelievers] lawful for them. And give them, that is to say, their disbelieving husbands, what they have expended, on them [on such women], in the way of dowries. And you would not be at fault if you marry them, on that [previous] condition, when you have given them their dowries. And do not hold on (read tumassikū or tumsikū) to the [conjugal] ties of disbelieving women, your wives, for your Islam automatically prohibits you from this, or [to the ties of] those apostatising women who return to the idolaters, for [likewise] their apostatising automatically prohibits you from marrying them, and ask for, demand, [the return of] what you have expended, on these women, of dowries, in the event of apostasy, from those disbelievers to whom they are married. And let them ask for what they have expended, on those women who have emigrated, as explained above, that it may be repaid to them. That is God’s judgement. He judges between you, therewith, and God is Knower, Wise.

وَإِن فَاتَكُمْ شَىْءٌ مِّنْ أَزْوَٰجِكُمْ إِلَى ٱلْكُفَّارِ فَعَاقَبْتُمْ فَـَٔاتُوا۟ ٱلَّذِينَ ذَهَبَتْ أَزْوَٰجُهُم مِّثْلَ مَآ أَنفَقُوا۟ ۚ وَٱتَّقُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ ٱلَّذِىٓ أَنتُم بِهِۦ مُؤْمِنُونَ 11

{ وإن فاتكم شىء من أزوجكم } أي واحدة فأكثر منهن أو شيء من مهورهن بالذهاب { إلى الكفار } مرتدات { فعاقبتم } فغزوتم وغنمتم { فئاتوا الذين ذهبت أزوجهم } من الغنيمة { مثل ما أنفقوا } لفواته عليهم من جهة الكفار { واتقوا الله الذى أنتم به مؤمنون } وقد فعل المؤمنون ما أمروا به من الإيتاء للكفار والمؤمنين ثم ارتفع هذا الحكم.

And if you lose any of your wives, that is to say, [if you lose] one or more of them — or [it means if you lose] anything of their dowries — by [their] going, to the disbelievers, as apostates, and so you retaliate, you embark upon a raid and capture spoils [from them], then give those whose wives have gone, from the spoils, the like of what they have expended, for their having lost it to the disbelievers. And fear God in Whom you believe. And indeed the believers did what they had been commanded to do in the way of paying [back] the disbelievers [the dowries of their former wives] and the believers [the dowries of the women who had apostatised]. Afterwards, however, this stipulation was annulled.

يَـٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلنَّبِىُّ إِذَا جَآءَكَ ٱلْمُؤْمِنَـٰتُ يُبَايِعْنَكَ عَلَىٰٓ أَن لَّا يُشْرِكْنَ بِٱللَّهِ شَيْـًٔا وَلَا يَسْرِقْنَ وَلَا يَزْنِينَ وَلَا يَقْتُلْنَ أَوْلَـٰدَهُنَّ وَلَا يَأْتِينَ بِبُهْتَـٰنٍ يَفْتَرِينَهُۥ بَيْنَ أَيْدِيهِنَّ وَأَرْجُلِهِنَّ وَلَا يَعْصِينَكَ فِى مَعْرُوفٍ ۙ فَبَايِعْهُنَّ وَٱسْتَغْفِرْ لَهُنَّ ٱللَّهَ ۖ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ 12

{ يأيها النبى إذا جاءك المؤمنت يبايعنك على أن لا يشركن بالله شيئا ولا يسرقن ولا يزنين ولا يقتلن أولدهن } كما كان يفعل في الجاهلية من وأد البنات، أي دفنهن أحياء خوف العار والفقر { ولا يأتين ببهتن يفترينه بين أيديهن وأرجلهن } أي بولد ملقوط ينسبنه إلى الزوج وصفه بصفة الولد الحقيقي، فإن الأم إذا وضعته سقط بين يديها ورجليها { ولا يعصينك فى } فعل { معروف } هو ما وافق طاعة الله كترك النياحة وتمزيق الثياب وجز الشعور وشق الجيب وخمش الوجه { فبايعهن } فعل ذلك صلى الله عليه وسلم بالقول ولم يصافح واحدة منهن { واستغفر لهن الله إن الله غفور رحيم }.

O Prophet, if believing women come to you, pledging allegiance to you that they will not ascribe anything as partner to God, and that they will not steal, nor commit adultery, nor slay their children, as used to be done during the time of pagandom (jāhiliyya), when they would bury new-born girls alive, fearing ignominy and impoverishment, nor bring any lie that they have invented [originating] between their hands and their legs, that is, [by bringing] a foundling which they then [falsely] ascribe to the husband — it [the lie] is described in terms of a real child, because when a woman gives birth to a child, it falls between her hands and legs; nor disobey you in, doing, what is decent, which is that which concords with obedience to God, such as refraining from wailing, ripping apart [their] clothes [in grief], pulling out [their] hair, tearing open the front of [their] garments or scratching [their] faces, then accept their allegiance — the Prophet (s) did this [but] in words, and he did not shake hands with any of them — and ask God to forgive them; surely God is Forgiving, Merciful.