The root: three letters and what is built on them
What a root is, how a family of words is built on it, and eight words from five roots, one of them given no meaning by the course.
Écrit et vérifié par l’IA
Ces leçons ont été écrites et vérifiées par l’IA, et aucun professeur d’arabe ne les a encore lues. Les versets, leurs sens et l’analyse de chaque mot sont tirés de leurs sources, nommées là où ils sont montrés.
Cette leçon n’est écrite qu’en anglais et en bengali ; elle est donc montrée ici en anglais.
- Mots du Coran connus en entier
- 66,2 %
- Parties des mots du Coran enseignées jusqu’ici
- 79,5 %
Compté d’après le Quranic Arabic Corpus : un mot est connu en entier quand chacune de ses parties a été enseignée. Les chiffres disent quels mots vous avez rencontrés, non ce que vous comprenez.
Most words of Arabic are built on a root: usually three letters, which stay in their order while vowels and other letters are put around them. Stage 1 named a word's root in passing. This stage is about the root and what is built on it. The corpus gives the root of most words, and this lesson teaches you to read it.
The new words
- خَرَجَTel que le Coran l’écrit: يَخْرُجُ · ٱخْرُجْ · تَخْرُجُ
went out
Racine: خ ر جOccurrences dans le Coran: 53
- مَّاتَTel que le Coran l’écrit: مَاتُ · يَمُوتُ · مِتْ
died
Racine: م و تOccurrences dans le Coran: 39
- مَوْتTel que le Coran l’écrit: مَوْتِ · مَوْتُ · مَوْتَ
death
Racine: م و تOccurrences dans le Coran: 50
- مَّيِّتTel que le Coran l’écrit: مَوْتَىٰ · مَيِّتِ · مَيِّتَ
dead
Racine: م و تOccurrences dans le Coran: 38
- حَيَوٰةTel que le Coran l’écrit: حَيَوٰةِ · حَيَوٰةُ · حَيَوٰةَ
life
Racine: ح ي يOccurrences dans le Coran: 76
- أَحْيَاTel que le Coran l’écrit: يُحْىِۦ · أَحْيَا · يُحْيِي
Aucun sens n’est donné ici : ce mot porte la religion, et son sens se lit dans les versets, avec leur sens à côté.
Racine: ح ي يOccurrences dans le Coran: 51
- كَتَبَTel que le Coran l’écrit: كُتِبَ · كَتَبَ · كَتَبْ
wrote
Racine: ك ت بOccurrences dans le Coran: 49
- حَمَلَTel que le Coran l’écrit: يَحْمِلُ · تَحْمِلُ · حَمَلْ
carried
Racine: ح م لOccurrences dans le Coran: 41
One of them, aḥyā, carries the religion in the Qur’ān's use of it: the course gives no meaning of its own for it, and you read it in the verses, with the edition's meaning beside them.
A root and its pattern
The root k-t-b gives kataba, "wrote". The same letters with i after the first and a long ā after the second give kitāb, from lesson 10. The letters are the root, and what is put around them is the pattern.
- كَتَبَتْwrote
Katabat is kataba with -at, from lesson 6, for a feminine doer: the root k-t-b with a after each letter, then the ending. The corpus gives it the root k-t-b.
The boy wrote a book.
This sentence was written for practice. It has kataba with no ending, and kitāban, and both have the root k-t-b. Here kitāb is an everyday book; in the Qur’ān its meaning is read from the verse.
A family of words
Words of one root often have to do with each other, and one verb can stand behind several nouns. The root m-w-t is the root of three of this lesson's words.
- يَمُوتُdied
Yamūtu is the present of māta, "died": ya- and the root, with its middle letter as a long ū, as in yaqūlu in lesson 17.
- ٱلْthe
- مَوْتَdeath
Al-mawta is al- and mawt, "death", in the accusative. Here the middle letter of the root is said as w.
- وَand
- أَمْوَٰتًاdead
Wa-amwātan is wa and amwāt, a broken plural: the corpus gives it the lemma mayyit, "dead", and marks it masculine plural.
Forms of one root
A root can make more than one verb, as lesson 18 showed. Kharaja, "went out", is of the first form, and akhraja, "brought out", from lesson 18, is of form IV. Both have the root kh-r-j.
- يَخْرُجُwent out
Yakhruju is the present of kharaja.
The root ḥ-y-y is the root of aḥyā, of form IV, and of ḥayāh, "life".
- وَand
- أَحْيَا
Wa-aḥyā is wa and aḥyā: the corpus marks it form IV, with the root ḥ-y-y.
- لِfor, to, belonging to; so that (before a verb); surely (in some sentences)
- حَيَاتِlife
- ىme, my; I (as the doer of a verb)
Li-ḥayātī is li, then ḥayāh, then ī, "my". Before a pronoun the -ah of a feminine noun is said -at.
A root is a help and not a meaning
Knowing a root helps you to see that two words are of one family. It does not tell you what a word means: a word's meaning is what its use shows, and the table gives it where the course may. A word of the Qur’ān is read with the edition's meaning beside it.
- يَحْمِلُcarried
Yaḥmilu is the present of ḥamala, with the root ḥ-m-l. The root shows that the two are one verb; "carried" comes from the table.
Reading
Les mots que vous connaissez en entier après cette leçon sont signalés.
« Est-il vrai que nous ne connaîtrons pas d’autre mort
French Translation - Rachid Maach · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.3Tu es appelé à mourir, de même qu’ils ne pourront échapper à la mort.
French Translation - Rachid Maach · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.3et traitions de mensonge le Jour de la rétribution,
French Translation - Rachid Maach · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.3Recall
- How many letters has a root, as a rule?
- Which root have māta and mawt?
- What are the letters of the root around which kitāb is built?
Answers: three; m-w-t; k-t-b.
Next
The next lesson teaches the first form of the verb, and the vowels its past and its present take.
Analyse des mots: Quranic Arabic Corpus 0.4 (Kais Dukes)