Al-Hashr

سَبَّحَ لِلَّهِ مَا فِى ٱلسَّمَـٰوَٰتِ وَمَا فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ ۖ وَهُوَ ٱلْعَزِيزُ ٱلْحَكِيمُ ۱

{ سبح لله ما فى السموت وما فى الأرض } أي نزهه فاللام مزيدة وفي الإتيان ب(ما) تغليب للأكثر { وهو العزيز الحكيم } في ملكه وصنعه.

All that is in the heavens and all that is in the earth glorifies God, that is to say, [all that is in them] exalts Him as being transcendent (the lām [of li’Llāhi, ‘God’] is extra; the use of mā [instead of the personal min] is meant to indicate a predominance [of non-rational beings in the heavens and the earth]). And He is the Mighty, the Wise, in His kingdom and [in] His actions [respectively].

هُوَ ٱلَّذِىٓ أَخْرَجَ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ مِنْ أَهْلِ ٱلْكِتَـٰبِ مِن دِيَـٰرِهِمْ لِأَوَّلِ ٱلْحَشْرِ ۚ مَا ظَنَنتُمْ أَن يَخْرُجُوا۟ ۖ وَظَنُّوٓا۟ أَنَّهُم مَّانِعَتُهُمْ حُصُونُهُم مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ فَأَتَىٰهُمُ ٱللَّهُ مِنْ حَيْثُ لَمْ يَحْتَسِبُوا۟ ۖ وَقَذَفَ فِى قُلُوبِهِمُ ٱلرُّعْبَ ۚ يُخْرِبُونَ بُيُوتَهُم بِأَيْدِيهِمْ وَأَيْدِى ٱلْمُؤْمِنِينَ فَٱعْتَبِرُوا۟ يَـٰٓأُو۟لِى ٱلْأَبْصَـٰرِ ۲

{ هو الذى أخرج الذين كفروا من أهل الكتب } هم بنو النضير من اليهود { من ديرهم } مساكنهم بالمدينة { لأول الحشر } هو حشرهم إلى الشام وآخره أن أجلاهم عمر في خلافته إلى خيبر { ما ظننتم } أيها المؤمنون { أن يخرجوا وظنوا أنهم مانعتهم } خبر أن { حصونهم } فاعله تم به الخبر { من الله } من عذابه { فأتهم الله } أمره وعذابه { من حيث لم يحتسبوا } لم يخطر ببالهم من جهة المؤمنين { وقذف } ألقى { فى قلوبهم الرعب } بسكون العين وضمها، الخوف بقتل سيدهم كعب بن الأشرف { يخربون } بالتشديد والتخفيف من أخرب { بيوتهم } لينقلوا ما استحسنوه منها من خشب وغيره { بأيديهم وأيدى المؤمنين فاعتبروا يأولى الأبصر }.

It is He Who expelled those who disbelieved of the People of the Scripture, namely, the Jews of the Banū al-Nadīr, from their homelands, [from] their dwellings at Medina, at the first exile, that is, their exile to Syria, the last [exile] being their banishment to Khaybar by ‘Umar during his caliphate. You did not think, O believers, that they would go forth, and they thought that they would be protected (māni‘atuhum is the predicate of an, ‘that’) by their fortresses (husūnuhum, the agent of the verb [māni‘atuhum], with which the predication is completed) from God, from His chastisement. But God, His command and His chastisement, came at them from whence they had not reckoned, [from whence] had never occurred to them, from the part of the believers, and He cast terror (ru‘b or ru‘ub) into their hearts, by having their chief Ka‘b b. al-Ashraf slain, destroying [as they did] (read yukharribūna; or yukhribūna, [derived] from [4th form] akhraba) their houses, in order to take away with them what they valued of wood and so on, with their own hands and the hands of the believers. So take heed, O you who have eyes!

وَلَوْلَآ أَن كَتَبَ ٱللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمُ ٱلْجَلَآءَ لَعَذَّبَهُمْ فِى ٱلدُّنْيَا ۖ وَلَهُمْ فِى ٱلْـَٔاخِرَةِ عَذَابُ ٱلنَّارِ ۳

{ ولولا أن كتب الله } قضى { عليهم الجلاء } الخروج من الوطن { لعذبهم فى الدنيا } بالقتل والسبي كما فعل بقريظة من اليهود { ولهم فى الأخرة عذاب النار }.

And had God not prescribed, [had He not] decreed, banishment for them, departure from their homeland, He would have chastised them in this world, by having them killed or taken captive, as He did with the Jews of [Banū] Qurayza, and in the Hereafter there is for them the chastisement of the Fire.

ذَٰلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمْ شَآقُّوا۟ ٱللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُۥ ۖ وَمَن يُشَآقِّ ٱللَّهَ فَإِنَّ ٱللَّهَ شَدِيدُ ٱلْعِقَابِ ۴

{ ذلك بأنهم شاقوا } خالفوا { الله ورسوله ومن يشاق الله فإن الله شديد العقاب } له.

That is because they defied, they opposed, God and His Messenger; and whoever defies God, indeed God is severe in retribution, against him.

مَا قَطَعْتُم مِّن لِّينَةٍ أَوْ تَرَكْتُمُوهَا قَآئِمَةً عَلَىٰٓ أُصُولِهَا فَبِإِذْنِ ٱللَّهِ وَلِيُخْزِىَ ٱلْفَـٰسِقِينَ ۵

{ ما قطعتم } يا مسلمون { من لينة } نخلة { أو تركتموها قائمة على أصولها فبإذن الله } أي خيركم في ذلك { وليخزى } بالإذن في القطع { الفسقين } اليهود في اعتراضهم أن قطع الشجر المثمر فساد.

Whatever palm-trees you cut down, O Muslims, or left standing on their roots, it was by God’s leave: He gave you the choice in this matter, and in order that, by giving [you] leave to cut them down, He might disgrace those who are immoral, the Jews, in return for their objection that the cutting down of productive trees was [deliberate] spoiling [of the land].

وَمَآ أَفَآءَ ٱللَّهُ عَلَىٰ رَسُولِهِۦ مِنْهُمْ فَمَآ أَوْجَفْتُمْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ خَيْلٍ وَلَا رِكَابٍ وَلَـٰكِنَّ ٱللَّهَ يُسَلِّطُ رُسُلَهُۥ عَلَىٰ مَن يَشَآءُ ۚ وَٱللَّهُ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَىْءٍ قَدِيرٌ ۶

{ وما أفاء } رد { الله على رسوله منهم فما أوجفتم } أسرعتم يا مسلمون { عليه من } زائدة { خيل ولا ركاب } إبل، أي لم تقاسوا فيه مشقة { ولكن الله يسلط رسله على من يشاء والله على كل شىء قدير } فلا حق لكم فيه ويختص به النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ومن ذكر معه في الآية الثانية من الأصناف الأربعة على ما كان يقسمه من أن لكل منهم خمس الخمس وله صلى الله عليه وسلم الباقي يفعل فيه ما يشاء فأعطى المهاجرين وثلاثة من الأنصار لفقرهم.

And whatever spoils God has given to His Messenger from these, you did not, O Muslims, spur for it any (min is extra) horses or camels, that is to say, you did not suffer any hardship in [securing] it, but God gives His messengers sway over whomever He will, and God has power over all things: hence you have no right to any of this [booty], rather it is exclusively for the Prophet (s) and those of the four categories mentioned with him in the next verse, [to be dispensed] in accordance with the way in which he used to divide it up, such that each would receive a fifth of the fifth and the rest being the Prophet’s (s), for him to do with as he pleases — thus he gave of it to the Emigrants and three from among the Helpers, on account of their poverty.

مَّآ أَفَآءَ ٱللَّهُ عَلَىٰ رَسُولِهِۦ مِنْ أَهْلِ ٱلْقُرَىٰ فَلِلَّهِ وَلِلرَّسُولِ وَلِذِى ٱلْقُرْبَىٰ وَٱلْيَتَـٰمَىٰ وَٱلْمَسَـٰكِينِ وَٱبْنِ ٱلسَّبِيلِ كَىْ لَا يَكُونَ دُولَةًۢ بَيْنَ ٱلْأَغْنِيَآءِ مِنكُمْ ۚ وَمَآ ءَاتَىٰكُمُ ٱلرَّسُولُ فَخُذُوهُ وَمَا نَهَىٰكُمْ عَنْهُ فَٱنتَهُوا۟ ۚ وَٱتَّقُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ ۖ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ شَدِيدُ ٱلْعِقَابِ ۷

{ ما أفاء الله على رسوله من أهل القرى } كالصفراء ووادي القرى وينبع { فلله } يأمر فيه بما يشاء { وللرسول ولذى } صاحب { القربى } قرابة النبي من بني هاشم وبني المطلب { واليتمى } أطفال المسلمين: الذين هلكت آباؤهم وهم فقراء { والمسكين } ذوي الحاجة من المسلمين { وابن السبيل } المنقطع في سفره من المسلمين، أي يستحقه النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم والأصناف الأربعة على ما كان يقسمه من أن لكل من الأربعة خمس الخمس وله الباقي { كى لا } كي بمعنى اللام و أن مقدرة بعدها { يكون } الفيء علة لقسمه كذلك { دولة } متداولا { بين الأغنياء منكم وما ءاتكم } أعطاكم { الرسول } من الفيء وغيره { فخذوه وما نهكم عنه فانتهوا واتقوا الله إن الله شديد العقاب }.

Whatever spoils God has given to His Messenger from the people of the towns, such as al-Safrā’, Wādī al-Qurā and Yanbu‘, belong to God, dispensing with it as He will, and to the Messenger and to the near of kin, the Prophet’s kin, from among the Banū Hāshim and the Banū al-Muttālib, and the orphans, the [orphaned] children of Muslims, those whose parents have died and who are impoverished, and the needy, those Muslims in need, and the traveller, the Muslim who may be cut off [from all resources] on a remote journey: in other words, they [these spoils] are the due of the Prophet (s) and [those of] the four categories, divided up in the way that he used to, where each category received a fifth of the fifth, with the rest being his [the Prophet’s], so that these, the spoils — this being the justification for the division of these [spoils] in this way, do not (kay-lā: kay functions like lā with a following implied an [sc. an-lā]) become a thing circulating, handed round, between the rich among you. And whatever the Messenger gives you, of spoils or otherwise, take it; and whatever he forbids you, abstain [from it]. And fear God. Surely God is severe in retribution.

لِلْفُقَرَآءِ ٱلْمُهَـٰجِرِينَ ٱلَّذِينَ أُخْرِجُوا۟ مِن دِيَـٰرِهِمْ وَأَمْوَٰلِهِمْ يَبْتَغُونَ فَضْلًا مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ وَرِضْوَٰنًا وَيَنصُرُونَ ٱللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُۥٓ ۚ أُو۟لَـٰٓئِكَ هُمُ ٱلصَّـٰدِقُونَ ۸

{ للفقراء } متعلق بمحذوف، أي أعجبوا { المهجرين الذين أخرجوا من ديرهم وأمولهم يبتغون فضلا من الله ورضونا وينصرون الله ورسوله أولئك هم الصدقون } في إيمانهم.

[At] the poor Emigrants (li’l-fuqarā’i is semantically connected to an omitted [verb], that is to say, a-‘ajibū, ‘What! Do they marvel [at the poor Emigrants]’) who have been driven away from their homes and their possessions that they should seek bounty from God and beatitude and help God and His Messenger? Those — they are the sincere, in their faith.

وَٱلَّذِينَ تَبَوَّءُو ٱلدَّارَ وَٱلْإِيمَـٰنَ مِن قَبْلِهِمْ يُحِبُّونَ مَنْ هَاجَرَ إِلَيْهِمْ وَلَا يَجِدُونَ فِى صُدُورِهِمْ حَاجَةً مِّمَّآ أُوتُوا۟ وَيُؤْثِرُونَ عَلَىٰٓ أَنفُسِهِمْ وَلَوْ كَانَ بِهِمْ خَصَاصَةٌ ۚ وَمَن يُوقَ شُحَّ نَفْسِهِۦ فَأُو۟لَـٰٓئِكَ هُمُ ٱلْمُفْلِحُونَ ۹

{ والذين تبوءو الدار } أي المدينة { والإيمن } أي ألفوه وهم الأنصار { من قبلهم يحبون من هاجر إليهم ولا يجدون فى صدورهم حاجة } حسدا { مما أوتوا } أي آتى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم المهاجرين من أموال بني النضير المختصة به { ويؤثرون على أنفسهم ولو كان بهم خصاصة } حاجة إلى ما يؤثرون به { ومن يوق شح نفسه } حرصها على المال { فأولئك هم المفلحون }.

And those who had settled in the hometown, that is, Medina, and [had abided] in faith, that is to say, [those who] had embraced it with enthusiasm — these being the Helpers, before them, love those who have emigrated to them, and do not find in their breasts any need, any envy, of that which those [others] have been given, that is to say, of what the Prophet (s) had given the Emigrants from the [seized] possessions of the Banū al-Nadīr, [a share which was] exclusively theirs; but prefer [others] to themselves, though they be in poverty, in need of that which they prefer for [those] others [to have]. And whoever is saved from the avarice of his own soul, its covetousness for [acquiring] possessions, those — they are the successful.

وَٱلَّذِينَ جَآءُو مِنۢ بَعْدِهِمْ يَقُولُونَ رَبَّنَا ٱغْفِرْ لَنَا وَلِإِخْوَٰنِنَا ٱلَّذِينَ سَبَقُونَا بِٱلْإِيمَـٰنِ وَلَا تَجْعَلْ فِى قُلُوبِنَا غِلًّا لِّلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ رَبَّنَآ إِنَّكَ رَءُوفٌ رَّحِيمٌ ۱۰

{ والذين جاءو من بعدهم } من بعد المهاجرين والأنصار إلى يوم القيامة { يقولون ربنا اغفر لنا ولإخوننا الذين سبقونا بالإيمن ولا تجعل فى قلوبنا غلا } حقدا { للذين ءامنوا ربنا إنك رءوف رحيم }.

And those who will come after them, after the Emigrants and the Helpers, up to the Day of Resurrection, say, ‘Our Lord, forgive us and our brethren who preceded us in [embracing] the faith, and do not place any rancour, any spite, in our hearts toward those who believe. Our Lord, You are indeed Kind, Merciful!’.

أَلَمْ تَرَ إِلَى ٱلَّذِينَ نَافَقُوا۟ يَقُولُونَ لِإِخْوَٰنِهِمُ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ مِنْ أَهْلِ ٱلْكِتَـٰبِ لَئِنْ أُخْرِجْتُمْ لَنَخْرُجَنَّ مَعَكُمْ وَلَا نُطِيعُ فِيكُمْ أَحَدًا أَبَدًا وَإِن قُوتِلْتُمْ لَنَنصُرَنَّكُمْ وَٱللَّهُ يَشْهَدُ إِنَّهُمْ لَكَـٰذِبُونَ ۱۱

{ ألم تر } تنظر { إلى الذين نافقوا يقولون لإخوانهم الذين كفروا من أهل الكتب } وهم بنو النضير وإخوانهم في الكفر { لئن } لام قسم في الأربعة { أخرجتم } من المدينة { لنخرجن معكم ولا نطيع فيكم } في خذلانكم { أحدا أبدا وإن قوتلتم } حذفت منه اللام الموطئة { لننصرنكم والله يشهد إنهم لكذبون }.

Have you not considered, [have you not] seen, the hypocrites who say to their brethren who disbelieve from among the People of the Scripture, namely, the Banū al-Nadīr, their brethren in disbelief, ‘If (la-in: the lām is for oaths in all four instances) you are expelled, from Medina, we will assuredly go forth with you, and we will never obey anyone against you, to forsake you. And if you are fought against (wa-in qūtiltum: the prefatory lām [of la-in] has been omitted), we will certainly help you’. And God bears witness that they are truly liars.

لَئِنْ أُخْرِجُوا۟ لَا يَخْرُجُونَ مَعَهُمْ وَلَئِن قُوتِلُوا۟ لَا يَنصُرُونَهُمْ وَلَئِن نَّصَرُوهُمْ لَيُوَلُّنَّ ٱلْأَدْبَـٰرَ ثُمَّ لَا يُنصَرُونَ ۱۲

{ لئن أخرجوا لا يخرجون معهم ولئن قوتلوا لا ينصرونهم ولئن نصروهم } أي جاؤوا لنصرهم { ليولن الأدبر } واستغنى بجواب القسم المقدر عن جواب الشرط في المواضع الخمسة { ثم لا ينصرون } أي اليهود.

[For] indeed if they are expelled, they would not go forth with them, and if they are fought against, they would not help them. And even if they were to help them, that is to say, even if they came to help them, they would surely turn their backs [to flee] (the implied response to the oath suffices in place of the response to the conditional, in all five instances) — then they, the Jews, would not be helped.