Manners of Jihad

The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) informs that on the Day of Judgment, when Allah Almighty gathers the first and the last for the reckoning, He will set up a sign for every traitor who failed to fulfill a covenant he made, whether with Allah or with people. This sign will expose his betrayal, and he will be called out on that day: This is the betrayal of so-and-so, the son of so-and-so, to expose the evil of his deed before the people of the Gathering.

1. The prohibition of treachery, and that it is one of the major sins because of this severe warning associated with it.
2. The betrayal that incurs a severe warning includes anyone who entrusts you with life, honor, secret, or wealth, and you betray him, breaking his trust in your reliability.
3. Al-Qurtubi said: This is an address from him to the Arabs who used to practice, as they used to raise a white banner for loyalty and a black banner for betrayal, to blame and condemn the traitor. The Hadīth implies that something similar will occur for the betrayer, so he will be known for his trait on the Day of Judgment and condemned by the people of the Gathering.
4. Ibn Hajar said: This indicates that people will be called on the Day of Judgment by their fathers, as mentioned in his statement: "This is the betrayal of so-and-so, the son of so-and-so.".

صحيح البخاري (4/ 104) (3188) صحيح مسلم (3/ 1359) (1735). تيسير العلام شرح عمدة الأحكام، للبسام (ص745). الإلمام بشرح عمدة الأحكام، لإسماعيل الأنصاري (2/ 188).

The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) saw a woman killed in one of the battles, and he denounced killing women and young boys who had not reached puberty.

1. Those who do not fight, like women and boys and the elderly and monks, should not be killed. An exception is when they advocate and help the fighting against Muslims, in which case they can be killed.
2. It is prohibited to kill women and boys, for those who do not fight Muslims. The purpose of Jihad in the cause of Allah is to subdue fighters only, so that the Da‘wah of the truth can reach all people.
3. The Hadīth demonstrates the Prophet's mercy even during battles and wars.

صحيح البخاري (4/ 61) (3014). صحيح مسلم (3/ 1364) (1744). الإلمام بشرح عمدة الأحكام، لإسماعيل الأنصاري (2/ 189). تيسير العلام شرح عمدة الأحكام، للبسام (ص746).

The Companion ‘Abdullāh ibn Abu Awfa (may Allah be pleased with him) informs in this Hadīth that when the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessing be upon him) met the enemy one day, he waited and did not begin the fighting except after the sun had declined, after which he stood up among them to deliver a speech, something which is usually done after prayer. He prohibited them from wishing to meet the enemy, given the self-conceit involved in this desire, and instructed them to ask Allah, the Almighty, for safety. Thereafter, he said: “And if you meet them, have patience.” In other words, if Allah wills this to happen and you are tested with meeting the enemy, show patience and do not panic; and know that you will get one of two good things: either Allah will help you against your enemy and make you victorious over them, and thus you will win both the victory in the worldly life and the reward in the Hereafter; or you will be defeated after you have tried your best in Jihad, and you will thus have the reward in the Hereafter. “And know that Paradise lies under the shadows of swords”, meaning: Jihad leads to Paradise. Then, the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) invoked his Lord by His Shariah and perfect power to grant the Muslims victory over their enemies. And success can only be attained through Allah, the Almighty.

- صحيح البخاري، تحقيق: محمد زهير بن ناصر الناصر، ط1، دار طوق النجاة (مصورة عن السلطانية بإضافة ترقيم: محمد فؤاد عبد الباقي)، 1422ه. - صحيح مسلم، تحقيق: محمد فؤاد عبد الباقي، دار إحياء التراث العربي، بيروت، 1423 هـ. - عمدة الأحكام من كلام خير الأنام صلى الله عليه وسلم لعبد الغني المقدسي، دراسة وتحقيق: محمود الأرناؤوط، مراجعة وتقديم: عبد القادر الأرناؤوط، ط2، دار الثقافة العربية، دمشق ، بيروت، مؤسسة قرطبة، 1408 هـ - تأسيس الأحكام للنجمي، ط2، دار علماء السلف، 1414ه - الإلمام بشرح عمدة الأحكام لإسماعيل الأنصاري، ط1، دار الفكر، دمشق، 1381ه - تيسير العلام شرح عمدة الأحكام للبسام، حققه وعلق عليه وخرج أحاديثه وصنع فهارسه: محمد صبحي بن حلاق، ط10، مكتبة الصحابة، الأمارات - مكتبة التابعين، القاهرة، 1426 هـ - الإعلام بفوائد عمدة الأحكام لابن الملقن المحقق: عبد العزيز بن أحمد بن محمد المشيقح دار العاصمة للنشر والتوزيع، المملكة العربية السعودية الطبعة: الأولى، 1417 هـ - 1997 م. - الاستذكار لابن عبد البر، تحقيق سالم محمد عطا، محمد علي معوض، دار الكتب العلمية - بيروت، الطبعة: الأولى، 1421 - 2000. - تحفة الأحوذي للمباركفوري - دار الكتب العلمية - بيروت.

The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) was asked about the fighters' different motives, like the one who fights out of valor, chauvinism, or to impress people or for any other purpose. Which of these is in the cause of Allah? The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) stated that the fighter in the cause of Allah is the one who fights to make the word of Allah supreme.

1. Intention and sincerity toward Allah are the criteria for the validity or invalidity of deeds.
2. If the intention behind Jihad is to make the word of Allah supreme and it is coupled with another valid intention, like taking war spoils, this does not affect one's original intention.
3. Repelling enemies from homelands and sanctities is a form of fighting for the cause of Allah.
4. The merit reported regarding the Mujāhids (fighters in the cause of Allah) is peculiar to whoever fights to make the word of Allah supreme.

صحيح البخاري (9/ 136) (7458). صحيح مسلم (3/ 1513) (1904). تيسير العلام شرح عمدة الأحكام، لعبد الله البسام (ص753). الإعلام بفوائد عمدة الأحكام، لابن الملقن (10/ 380).

In this Hadīth, Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) tells that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) sent them out in an army to fight the enemy. He ordered them to burn two individuals from Quraysh, whom he named, whenever they spot them. Then he said to them when they came to bid him farewell before their journey: I commanded you to burn so-and-so and so-and-so, but no one punishes with fire except Allah, so when you seize them, kill them.

نزهة المتقين، تأليف: جمعٌ من المشايخ، الناشر: مؤسسة الرسالة، الطبعة الأولى: 1397 هـ الطبعة الرابعة عشر 1407 هـ. كنوز رياض الصالحين، تأليف: حمد بن ناصر بن العمار ، الناشر: دار كنوز أشبيليا، الطبعة الأولى: 1430 هـ. بهجة الناظرين، تأليف: سليم بن عيد الهلالي، الناشر: دار ابن الجوزي ، سنة النشر: 1418 هـ- 1997م. رياض الصالحين، تأليف: محيي الدين يحيى بن شرف النووي ، تحقيق: د. ماهر بن ياسين الفحل ، الطبعة: الأولى، 1428 هـ. صحيح البخاري، تأليف: محمد بن إسماعيل البخاري، تحقيق: محمد زهير الناصر، الناشر: دار طوق النجاة الطبعة: الأولى، 1422هـ. دليل الفالحين، تأليف: محمد بن علان، الناشر: دار الكتاب العربي، نسخة الكترونية ، لا يوجد بها بيانات نشر. شرح رياض الصالحين، تأليف: محمد بن صالح العثيمين، الناشر: دار الوطن للنشر، الطبعة: 1426 ه.

‘Abdullah ibn Mas‘ūd (may Allah be pleased with him) mentioned that they were with the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) on a journey. The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) went away to relieve himself, and during that time, his Companions found a Hummarah bird with two chicks, so they took the chicks. The mother bird began flapping and spreading her wings in distress over the loss of her chicks. When the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) returned, he said: Who has saddened her and frightened her by taking away her baby birds?! Then he commanded that they should be returned to her. After that, he saw an ant colony that was burnt with fire, and he (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: Who burned this? Some of his Companions said: We did. He said to them: It is not permissible for anyone to torture a living being with fire, except Allah, Who created it.

1. The permissibility and recommendation of seeking privacy when relieving oneself.
2. The prohibition of torturing animals by taking away their younglings.
3. The prohibition of burning ants and insects with fire.
4. Encouraging kindness and mercy toward animals—an area in which Islam has long been a pioneer.
5. Mercy of the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) toward animals.
6. Punishment with fire is something that is exclusively reserved for Allah Almighty.

سنن أبي داود (4/ 309) (2675). نزهة المتقين، لمجموعة من الباحثين (2/ 1105). كنوز رياض الصالحين، لمجموعة من الباحثين (19/ 150). بهجة الناظرين، لسليم الهلالي (3/ 120). شرح رياض الصالحين، لابن عثيمين (6/ 300).

This Hadīth states that it is impermissible for any of the Muslim Mujāhids to wear a garment from the spoils of war until that garment is worn out and then returns it. Likewise, it is impermissible for a Muslim Mujāhid to ride a mount belonging to the spoils of war until he emaciates it and then returns it to the spoils. This behavior is forbidden because it harms the other fighters entitled to a share in the spoils. Nevertheless, it is not sinful to ride a mount without emaciating it, or wear a garment without damaging it. For example, one may use a mount to return home or to distance himself from the enemy and then return it, or to wear a garment to conceal his ‘Awrah or to keep himself warm and then return it. Rather, in such a case, he must return them to the spoils of war after using them for those purposes in order to be absolved of liability in this world and in the Hereafter.

- سنن أبي داود، ت: محمد محي الدين, المكتبة العصرية. - مسند أحمد، تحقيق شعيب الأرنؤوط، الناشر: مؤسسة الرسالة، الطبعة: الأولى، 1421 هـ - 2001 م. - سنن الدارمي، تحقيق: حسين سليم أسد الداراني, دار المغني للنشر والتوزيع، المملكة العربية السعودية, الطبعة: الأولى، 1412 هـ. - صحيح أبي داود - الأم، للألباني، مؤسسة غراس للنشر والتوزيع، الطبعة: الأولى، 1423 هـ. - بلوغ المرام من أدلة الأحكام، لابن حجر، دار القبس للنشر والتوزيع، الرياض - المملكة العربية السعودية، الطبعة: الأولى، 1435 هـ - 2014 م. - تسهيل الإلمام بفقه الأحاديث من بلوغ المرام، تأليف: صالح بن فوزان بن عبد الله الفوزان، الطبعة: الأولى، 1427 ه - 2006 م. - منحة العلام في شرح بلوغ المرام، لعبد الله الفوزان، دار ابن الجوزي، ط1 1428هـ. - فتح ذي الجلال والاكرام بشرح بلوغ المرام، للشيخ ابن عثيمين، المكتبة الإسلامية، الطبعة الأولى 1427. - توضِيحُ الأحكَامِ مِن بُلوُغ المَرَام، للبسام، مكتَبة الأسدي، مكّة المكرّمة، الطبعة: الخامِسَة، 1423 هـ. - عون المعبود شرح سنن أبي داود، للعظيم آبادي، دار الكتب العلمية، بيروت, الطبعة: الثانية، 1415 هـ.