She, I, which: the small words still to come

Most of the small words were taught in the first lessons. These are eight of the commonest still to come. None of them is hard, and each has a job of its own in the sentence.

The new words

She and I

Lesson 5 taught huwa and lesson 13 anta. Hiya is "she", or "it" for a thing the language calls feminine. Anā is "I". Each stands on its own.

Hiya. The corpus marks it third person, feminine, singular.

Anā. The corpus marks it first person, singular. The Qur’ān's spelling writes an alif at its end; how that alif is sounded is taught in the library's Tajwīd title.

This sentence was written for practice. Hiya fī l-bayti: "she", then where she is, and no word for "is".

Ayyuhā

Lesson 10 taught yā, "O". Before a noun with al-, Arabic as a rule puts ayyuhā between them, or ayyatuhā if the noun is feminine; it has no meaning of its own to translate.

In the Qur’ān's spelling yā-ayyuhā is written as one word, with yā and ayyuhā. The noun after it is in the nominative.

Which

Ayy is "which". In the two words here it asks, and it is the first part of an iḍāfah: the word after it, or the pronoun joined to it, is the second.

Li-ayyi is li and ayyi, in the genitive after it. The next word, yawmin, is in the genitive too, as the second noun of the iḍāfah.

Bi-ayyikumu is bi, then ayyi, in the genitive after it, then kumu, "you", joined to it as the second part: "which of you".

As for

Ammā is "as for": it sets something out on its own, and what is said of it follows with fa.

The verse opens with fa, then ammā. The sentence ammā begins finishes in the verse after it, which opens with fa-.

Sawfa

Sawfa, like sa- from lesson 7, puts a present verb in the future. It is a word of its own, not joined to the next.

Sawfa: the corpus calls it a particle of the future. The word after it is the present of ʿalima, taʿlamūna: "you will know".

Alā

Alā opens a sentence and calls attention to it. The corpus marks it as a particle of beginning.

Alā: it stands at the head of what follows.

Lākinna

Lesson 16 taught lākin, "but", with a single n. Lākinna, with the doubled n, works like inna: the noun after it takes the accusative, and a pronoun is joined to it.

Wa-lākinnakum is wa, then lākinna, then kum, "you", joined to it as to inna.

In a sentence

This sentence was written for practice. Anā hunā: "I", then "here", and no verb between them, as lesson 13 did with naḥnu.

Reading

الكلمات التي تعرفها كاملةً بعد هذا الدرس مُعلَّمة.

Recall

• What goes between yā and a noun with al-?
• What is joined to the front of what is said after ammā?
• How does lākinna change the noun after it?

Answers: ayyuhā; fa; it puts it in the accusative.

Next

The next lesson teaches how to say "better than", and eight common nouns.