The first verbs: said, was, made, came and knew
Five of the commonest verbs of the Qur’ān, and how a verb in its past form tells you who did the action.
كتبه الذكاء الاصطناعي وتحقّق منه
كتب هذه الدروسَ الذكاءُ الاصطناعي وتحقّق منها، ولم يقرأها بعدُ أيّ معلّم للعربية. أما الآيات ومعانيها وتحليل كل كلمة فمأخوذة من مصادرها، وهي مذكورة حيث تُعرض.
هذا الدرس مكتوب بالإنجليزية والبنغالية فقط، لذلك يُعرض هنا بالإنجليزية.
- كلمات القرآن التي تعرفها كاملةً
- ٣٤٫١٪
- ما عُلِّم حتى الآن من أجزاء كلمات القرآن
- ٥٩٫١٪
محسوبة من Quranic Arabic Corpus: تُعرف الكلمة كاملةً إذا عُلِّم كل جزء منها. وتدلّ الأعداد على الكلمات التي مرّت بك، لا على مقدار ما تفهمه.
The first five lessons taught the small words that hold a sentence together. This one teaches five verbs, among the commonest words of the Qur’ān: "said", "was", "made", "came" and "knew".
The new words
- قَالَكما تُكتب في القرآن: قَالَ · قَالُ · قُلْ
say (qāla: he said)
الجذر: ق و لمرات ورودها في القرآن: ١٦١٨
- كَانَكما تُكتب في القرآن: كَانَ · كَانُ · كُن
be (kāna: he was)
الجذر: ك و نمرات ورودها في القرآن: ١٣٥٨
- جَعَلَكما تُكتب في القرآن: جَعَلْ · جَعَلَ · يَجْعَلُ
make, place, set (jaʿala: he made)
الجذر: ج ع لمرات ورودها في القرآن: ٣٤٠
- جَآءَكما تُكتب في القرآن: جَآءَ · جَآءَتْ · جِئْ
come (jāʾa: he came)
الجذر: ج ي امرات ورودها في القرآن: ٢٧٨
- عَلِمَكما تُكتب في القرآن: يَعْلَمُ · تَعْلَمُ · ٱعْلَمُ
know (ʿalima: he knew)
الجذر: ع ل ممرات ورودها في القرآن: ٣٨٢
A verb is named by its simplest form: the past, with "he" as the one who did it. So qāla is "he said", and stands in the table for every form of the verb, "says" and "say!" among them. Each lemma's root is three letters, and the next stage of the course is about what a root does.
The past form
A verb in the past form tells you who did the action by its ending. With no ending, the doer is "he".
- قَالُsay (qāla: he said)
- وا۟they (as the doer of a verb); them, their
Qālū is qāla with ū, the pronoun "they" from the second lesson, as the doer: "they said". The corpus marks the verb as perfect, its name for the past form.
- وَand
- جَعَلْmake, place, set (jaʿala: he made)
- نَاwe (as the doer of a verb); us, our
Wa-jaʿalnā is wa, "and", then jaʿal, "made", then nā, "we": "and we made". The pronoun that is the doer of a past verb is written as part of it.
She
- فَso, then, and so
- كَانَتْbe (kāna: he was)
Fa-kānat is fa, "so", and kānat, "she was" or "it was". The -at ending says that the doer is feminine: "she", for a woman or for a thing the language calls feminine. The corpus does not divide it off as a pronoun, as it does ū and nā: it keeps it as part of the verb, and marks the verb third person, feminine, singular.
A verb with an object
- جَآءَcome (jāʾa: he came)
- هُhim, his; it, its
Jāʾahu is jāʾa, "came", and hu, "him": "came to him". Here the pronoun is not the doer but the one the action reaches.
In a sentence
The boy came.
This sentence was written for practice. Jāʾa l-waladu, "the boy came": in Arabic the verb usually comes first, and the doer after it.
The house was big.
Kāna, "was", has its own way: the word after its subject takes the accusative ending, kabīran.
Reading
الكلمات التي تعرفها كاملةً بعد هذا الدرس مُعلَّمة.
And [the pagans] used to say[1],
English Translation - Rowwad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.20Indeed, these [Makkans] say,
English Translation - Rowwad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.20Say, “To whom belong the earth and all those who are on it, if you really know?”
English Translation - Rowwad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.20Recall
- What is the doer of qālū?
- How is "we made" written?
- What does the ending -at on kānat say?
Answers: "they", the pronoun ū; jaʿalnā; that the doer is feminine: "she", or a thing the language calls feminine.
Next
The next lesson teaches the present form of the verb, and the letter that makes it future.
تحليل الكلمات: Quranic Arabic Corpus 0.4 (Kais Dukes)